WPC ERjtnAÐ鿎@t@ʞM~֋t6Q~|.k l0Pgp!Wk h=ֺx9mZ%QI4>GnϤc^;zZZj`%pKX?kPg6[fl(&n2( ^{=K0tQ㮋ە49[Mn+ qN@x@m_ݫ)JW;-dɩ%d0(֒N_^jcKE}1X6KkVb K| rǓrJx"OwS_$G2K*qNTrs@HJ` QZJ op8d$%^U|1$GQHnl <#!UN %3 0(9^ aw@m4 mbUNUB?HP LaserJet 4,,,,0(9 Z6Times New Roman RegularX($8 EEDDUg[8@0yFiles3|xU- -+1Z 6Albertus Medium Regular,i  qZ *Technical Regular !  __@XX  __@ P#@Ϭ# l7 ATTACKING ^  PROSECUTORIALMISCONDUCT | l7By:MichaelKresser     8tXXXdd8_zh |@zh    8tXXdd8ATTACKINGPROSECUTORIALMISCONDUCT   ByMichaelLKLKresser  I._8 ` GENERALLEGALBASESFORCLAIMSOF   PROSECUTORIALMISCONDUCTDURINGTRIAL ` x` x  ` A.8 Federallawbasis:DueProcessClauseof   FourteenthAmendment     `  1.0  _Donnelly_Ԁv._DeChristoforo_Ԁ(1974)416U.S.637held   thatifaprosecutorsconductdidnotviolateaspecificconstitutionalprovision,misconductmust soinfect[]thetrialwithunfairnessastomaketheresultingconvictionadenialofdueprocess.(Id._at_Ԁp.643.)  _Prosecutor_Ԁstatedinargumentthatalthoughthedefensesaidtheyhopedforanotguiltyverdict,prosecutorbelievedtheywerehopingforsomethingalittlelessthanfirstdegreemurder.Defensecounselobjected,trial_judgesustained_Ԁobjectionandlaterinstructedjurytodisregard.Courtholdsthatimplicationthatdefendanthadofferedtopleadtolesserwasspeculation,andnotedtrialcourtsinstructiontothejurytodisregardcommentbecauseitwasunsupportedbyanyevidence.     `  `  2.0  _Darden_Ԁv.Wainwright(1986)477U.S.168.Prosecutor  inguiltphaseofdeathpenaltymurdercasemadenumerousinflammatorycomments,includinghiswishthatthevictimhadblastedthedefendantsfaceoffwithashotgun,thatthedefendanthadcommittedsuicide,andthathehadbeenkilledinanautoaccidentfollowingthemurder,aswellasreferencestothedefendantasananimalwhoshouldonlybeletoutofhiscellonaleashheldbyaprisonguard.Though_USSC_Ԁjoinedalllowercourtsincondemningtheargument,itheldthatnodueprocessviolationhadoccurred._Its_Ԁanalysis:therewasnomanipulationormisstatementofevidence,noattackontherighttocounselortoremainsilent,muchofobjectionablecontentwasinvitedbyorresponsiveto +'' defenseargument,thetrialcourtinstructedthejurytodecidebasedonevidencealone,theevidenceagainstthedefendantwasoverwhelming,andthedefensegotthefinalargumentandeffectivelyrespondedtotheprosecutorscomments.     `  0  JusticeBlackmunsdissentnotesthatthecourtscaseshave condemnedthebehaviorbutaffirmedtheconviction.(_Darden_,supra,477U.S.atp.205(dis.   opn._of_ԀBlackmun,J.).)QuotesexcellentdissentofCircuitJudgeJeromeFrankinU.S.v._Antonelli_   FireworksCo.(2dCir.1946)155F.2d631,661that   suchjudicialconduct meansactualcondonationofcounselsallegedoffense,coupledwithverbaldisapprobation...[meansthat]ourrulesonthesubjectarepretendrules...wewillnotdeprive[prosecutors]oftheirvictories;wewillmerelygothroughtheformofexpressingdispleasure...Thepracticeofthiscourt...breedsadeplorablycynicalattitudetowardthejudiciary...[Citation.](Id._at_Ԁp.206.)    `  3.0  PracticeNote:Sincethe_Donnelly_Ԁdueprocesstest  includesadefenseshowingofsubstantialprejudice,thereisnoneedforafurtherharmlesserroranalysis.     ` B.8 StateLawBasis:DecisionalLawPrevents the  UseofDeceptiveorReprehensibleMethodstoAttempttoPersuadeeithertheTrialCourtortheJury.     `  1.0  SoheldinPeoplev.Morales(2001)25Cal.4th34,44.!    `  2.0  Showingofsubjectivebadfaithbyprosecutornot # necessary,rather,testishowjurywouldlikelyunderstandremarkandwhetherinjurytodefendantresulted.(People_v._ԀBenson(1990)52Cal.3d754,793, &"" citingPeoplev.Bolton(1979)23Cal.3d208,213214; '## _see_ԀalsoPeoplev.Hill(1998)17Cal.4th800,822823.)($$    `  3.0  Becausethisisonlyaruleofstatelaw,theWatson *&& standardofprejudiceapplies.(Peoplev.Harrison +'' (2005)35Cal.4th208,244.)    ` C.8 DefendantMustShow ReasonableLikelihood   thattheJuryConstruedorAppliedtheComplainedofRemarksinanObjectionableFashion.     `  1.0  SoheldinPeoplev.Harrison,supra,35Cal.4thatp.   244,quotingPeoplev._Berryman_Ԁ(1993)6Cal.4th1048,   1072.     `  2.0  _USSC_Ԁin_Donnelly_Ԁv._DeChristoforo_,supra,416U.S.  637alsocautionedthat acourtshouldnotlightlyinferthataprosecutorintendsanambiguousremarktohaveitsmostdamagingmeaningorthatajury,sittingthroughalengthyexhortation,willdrawthatmeaningfromtheplethoraoflessdamaginginterpretations.(Id.atp.  647.)     `  3.0  PracticeNote:takesometimetoshowwhyincontextof  trialandpointsofconflictbetweenprosecutionanddefense,therewasreasonablelikelihoodthatjuryconstruedtheremarkinobjectionablefashion.DonotoverlooktendencyofAGtocreateaninnocentexplanationorperceiveambiguitywhenthereisnone.    II.8 ` ISSUESCONCERNING_REVIEWABILITY_ԀOFCLAIMOF ! PROSECUTORIALMISCONDUCT ` x` x  ` A.8 GeneralRule:ThereMustbeTimelyObjection $  ontheSameGroundRaisedonAppealandaRequestforJuryAdmonition.     `  1.0  Peoplev.Lopez(2008)42Cal.4th960,966soholds, ($$ citingPeoplev.Thornton(2007)41Cal.4th391,454.)%%    `  2.0  Trialcourthasno_sua_Ԁ_sponte_Ԁdutytocontrol +'' prosecutorialmisconduct.(Peoplev._Carrera_Ԁ(1989)49  Cal.3d291,321.)Thereisno closecaseexceptiontocontemporaneousobjectionrule.(Peoplev.Green  (1980)27Cal.3d1,2834,overrulingPeoplev.  _Berryman_Ԁ(1936)6Cal.2d331,337.)    `  3.0  Canberaisedonappealinabsenceofobjectionas   ineffectiveassistanceofcounsel,but theappellaterecord...rarelyshowsthatthefailuretoobjectwastheresultofcounsels_incompetence_;_generally_,suchclaimsaremoreappropriatelylitigatedonhabeascorpus...(Peoplev.Lopez,supra,42Cal.4thatp.966.)     `  4.0  PracticeNote:Maybeabletodosuccessfulonthe   record_IAC_Ԁclaimiftrialcounselobjectsbutobjectionisdefectiveoruntimelyorcounselfailstorequestadmonition,ascounselthustacticallywantedtoobject,butfailedtodosoeffectively.(Cf.Peoplev._Asbury_  (1985)173Cal.App.3d362,365366: Thefactthat  counselobjected...atall,however,refutesanyinferencethathewaspursuingsometacticaladvantagebywithholding[themeritorious]argument.     `  0  Also,whereprosecutorarguedlegallyerroneoustheoryofguiltastoattemptedmurder,failuretoobjectheldtobe_IAC_Ԁonrecordeventhoughdefensewasanalibi.(Peoplev._Anzalone_Ԁ(2006)141Cal.App.4th380,395.)    `  0  Sometimes,couplingprosecutorialmisconductwithontherecord_IAC_Ԁwillleadcourttoexerciseitsdiscretiontodecideprosecutorialmisconductclaimonthemeritsratherthanfindproceduraldefault.Usuallydonetorejectclaim,butmeansnoproceduraldefaultproblemonfederalhabeas.     `  5.0  Todo_IAC_Ԁhabeasduetofailuretoobject,mustinquire '## oftrialcounselwhynoobjectionwasmade.Thoughcounselmayclaimthetacticaljustificationofnotwantingtoemphasizeittojury,somewillcandidlyadmittheymissedthecomment,ordidnotrealizeitwas +'' objectionable,orcannotremember.     ` B.8 ExceptionstoContemporaneousObjectionRule.   ____ `  1.0  [_I]f_Ԁanadmonitionwouldnothavecuredtheharm  causedbythemisconduct.(Peoplev._Tafoya_Ԁ(2007)42   Cal.4th147,176,quotingPeoplev._Earp_Ԁ(1999)20   Cal.4th826,858.)ExceptionappliedinPeoplev.   Johnson(1981)121Cal.App.3d94,102103,inwhich   defensewitnesstestifiedthatcomplainingwitnessofferedtodropchargesinexchangefordefendantscarandbankaccount,andprosecutorstatedinargumentthathedidntbotherrecallingcomplainingwitnessjustsoshecoulddenyandthathehadconcludedthedefensewitnesstestimonywasanoutrightlie.     `  2.0  Ifeitherobjectionorrequestforadmonitionwouldbe  futile,failuretoobjectorrequestisexcused.(People_v._  Hill,supra,17Cal.4th800,820.)InHill,counsel  _objectedto_Ԁsome,butnotall,instancesofmisconduct,andwhenheobjected,hesometimesfailedtoadequatelystategroundsorrequestadmonition.However,counselwassubjectedtoa barrageofmisconductandthetrialjudgeoverruledhisobjectionswithsuggestionsthatcounselwasanobstructionist,convincingtheSupremeCourtfurtherobjectionwouldhavebeenfutile.     `  3.0  PracticeNote:Ifobjectionmadeandimmediately  overruled,lackofrequestforadmonitionisexcusedbecauseitwouldhavebeenfutile.(People_v._ԀGreen, ! supra,27Cal.3datp.35,fn.19.)8@  Ontheotherhand,if " _defendant_Ԁdeclinesacourtsoffertoadmonish,issuedeemedforfeited.(People_v._ԀSilva(2001)25Cal.4th $  345,373.)     ` C.8 IfPoliciesBehindContemporaneousObjection '## RuleAreSatisfied,SubstantialComplianceWillbeFound.      *&&  `  1.0  Peoplev._Bonin_Ԁ(1988)46Cal.3d659,689: Thereason  forthisrule,ofcourse,isthatthetrialcourtshouldbegivenanopportunitytocorrecttheabuseandthus,ifpossible,preventbysuitableinstructionstheharmfuleffectuponthemindsofthejury.[Citation.]SupremeCourtfindssubstantialcompliancewheredefensecounselmovedforamistrialandmovedtostrikeevidenceelicitedbyprosecutorthathadbeenruledinadmissible.Defensecounsel gavethecourtmorethanampleopportunitytocorrecttheabuse.(Ibid.)    III.8 ` SOMEDIFFERENTFORMSOFTRIALMISCONDUCT. ` x` x  ` A.8 ReferencestoFactsNotinEvidence.     `  1.0  ClaimshouldalwaysbestatedasbothviolationofSixth  Amendmentrighttoconfrontationandmisconductunderstatelaw.Peoplev.Johnson,supra,121Cal.App.3dat  p.104: aprosecutor,throughargument,mayserveashisownunswornwitness,thusviolatingthedefendantsSixthAmendmentrighttoconfrontationofwitnesses.CitedwithapprovalinPeoplev.Harris(1989)47  Cal.3d1047,1083.AppliedtoreverseinPeoplev.  Gaines(1997)54Cal.App.4th821,825.    `  2.0  Referencetoevidenceoutsiderecordisprosecutorial  misconductunderstatelaw.(Peoplev.Frye(1998)18  Cal.4th894,976,citingPeoplev._Bain_Ԁ(1971)5Cal.3d  839,848andPeoplev.Perez(1962)58Cal.2d229,245   246.)     `  3.0  Frequent_means_Ԁofcommission:_stating_Ԁthatapersonnot # calledwouldhavetestifiedfavorablyforprosecution.(People_v._ԀJohnson,supra,121Cal.App.3datp.102; %!! People_v._ԀHall(2000)82Cal.App.4th813,816;People &"" _v._ԀHill,supra,17Cal.4thatp.829;People_v._ԀGaines, '## supra,54Cal.App.4thatp.824.)($$     )%%  `  4.0  Othermeans:   0 ` 0 ` ` 0 (a)arguingfromsupposedpersonalexpertise(Peoplev.  Mendoza(1974)37Cal.App.3d717,726[prosecutor  sayschildmolestersaretypically meekandthatdefendantlookedmeek],Peoplev._Criscione_Ԁ(1981)125  Cal.App.3d275,287290[ItalianAmericanprosecutorprosecutingItalianAmericandefendantofmurderofgirlfriendattacksinsanitydefensebyclaimingdefendantsattitudenormalforItalians;    0 ` 0 ` ` 0 (b)misstatementofevidencewhetherdeliberateorjustmistaken(Peoplev.Hill,supra,17Cal.4thatpp.823   827,citingPeoplev._Purvis_Ԁ(1963)323,343.)     `  5.0  Astatementofsupposedfactnotinevidenceisahighly   prejudicialformofmisconduct.Assuchitisafrequentbasisforreversal.(People_v._ԀHall,supra,82  Cal.App.4thatp.818;seealso5_Witkin_Ԁ&Epstein,Cal.CriminalLaw(3ded.2000)CriminalTrial,576,pp.824826.)    ̀0 ` B.0 ` ` ElicitingInadmissibleEvidence   `  1.0  Itisofcourse,misconductforaprosecutorto  intentionallyelicitinadmissibletestimony.(Peoplev.  _Bonin_,supra,46Cal.3d659,689,quotingPeoplev.  Sims(1976)65Cal.App.3d544,554.    `  2.0  Misconductforprosecutioncrossexaminingdefense  mentalstateexperttoaskifhehadanopinionregarding_defendants_Ԁcapacitytoformintenttocommitchargedcrimes,thenofferingto opendoorwhendefenseobjectedtotheadmissibilityofsuchcapacityevidence.(Peoplev._Smithey_Ԁ(1999)20Cal.4th936,959961.)$     `  3.0  MisconductforprosecutortoaskeyewitnessIDexpert &"" ifhehadconsideredapolicereportwhichcontainedinformationthathadbeenstipulatedtobeinadmissiblethat_defendant_Ԁhadbeenseencleaningaweaponsimilartooneusedinamurderthedaybefore.(People_v._ԀBell *&& (1989)49Cal.3d502,531533.)+''   Ї ` C.8 ObtainingExclusionofEvidenceAndThen  ClaimingThatNoSuchEvidenceHadBeenPresentedByTheDefense     `  1.0  Reversibleerror_found_Ԁwheretheprosecutormovedfor  exclusionoftheevidencethattheallegedvictimwasaprostituteandthenarguedtothejurythattherewasnoevidencethatshewasaprostitute.(Peoplev._Varona_   (1983)143Cal.App.3d566,_570.)    _