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Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5(ÿÿ$’’lmAA<< cÿÿ ­Ý ƒt÷$ÝÓ  ÓÔ€ŠJ{‹XXÔÒ°ÒÒ°ÒÑ @ ÑÑ@Ñà ` àòòÚ  Ú3Ú  Úóó€€Ý  ÝÔ_ÔšConcurrent€with€the€filing€of€this€brief,€appellants€are€filing€a€motionÐ ° Ðfor€this€court€to€take€judicial€notice€of€the€argument€in€favor€of€Proposition€83Ïcontained€in€the€Ballot€Pamphlet,€November€7,€2006€General€Election.š(Wf|$ÄÄò òòòà@ìì*ìàÔ  ÔÔ AÔó óóó>c$"Small Circleð"ðà0 àÿÿ7051-16¬ÿÿ7051-4 Ý ƒIC"ÝÝ  ÝÔ_Ôò òÔ‡‹J{‹XXÔÔ‡‹J{‹‹‹J{ÔPEOPLE€OF€THE€STATE€OF€CALIFORNIAó ó,Ð  Ðà X àà ° àPlaintiff€and€Respondent,à€'àˆÐ úú Ðà X àv.à€'àˆÐ ôô Ðò òROMEO€MONTAGUEó ó,€€€à€'àˆÐ îî Ðà X àà ° àDefendant€and€Appellant.Ô#†‹J{‹‹‹J{M#ÔÔ#†Xt¦X‹‹J{.#ÔÐ èè Ð_______________________________________________ÌÌò òPEOPLE€OF€THE€STATE€OF€CALIFORNIAó ó,Ð ÖÖ Ðà X àà ° àPlaintiff€and€Respondent,Ìà X àv.Ìò òDONATIEN€DE€SADE,ó óÐ Ä Ä  Ðà X àà ° àDefendant€and€Appellant.Ð  ¾ ¾  Ðÿÿ1100-696ÿÿ1990-1712(ÈhH  Z‹6Times New Roman Regular13ÿÿ1990-763 uÝ ƒIC"ÝÝ  ÝÔ_Ôò òÔ‡©Xt¦XXXÔÔ‡©‹J{‹X©Xt¦ÔPEOPLE€OF€THE€STATE€OF€CALIFORNIAó ó,à€'àˆÐ  Ðà X àà ° àPlaintiff€and€Respondent,à€'àˆÐ úú Ðà X àv.à€'àˆÐ ôô ÐÔ% ‡U Ôò òÔ#†‹J{‹‹©‹J{.#ÔÔ#†Xt¦X‹‹J{M#ÔÔ‡ŠJ{‹XXt¦ÔROMEO€MONTAGUEÔ#†Xt¦X‹ŠJ{ž#ÔÔ%†UHÔÔ% ‡U ÔÔ‡©Xt¦XXXt¦ÔÔ‡©‹J{‹X©Xt¦Ô,ó óÔ%†UÿÔ€à€'àˆÐ îî Ðà X àà ° àDefendant€and€Appellant.Ô#†‹J{‹‹©‹J{ #ÔÔ#†Xt¦X‹‹J{+#ÔÐ èè Ð_______________________________________________Ìò òÔ‡«Xt¦XXXt¦ÔÔ‡«‹J{‹X«Xt¦ÔÌPEOPLE€OF€THE€STATE€OF€CALIFORNIAó ó,à€'àˆÐ ÖÖ Ðà X àà ° àPlaintiff€and€Respondent,à€'àˆÐ ÐÐ Ðà X àv.à€'àˆÐ ÊÊ  Ðò òÔ#†‹J{‹‹«‹J{F#ÔÔ#†Xt¦X‹‹J{e#ÔÔ‡ŠJ{‹XXt¦ÔDONATIEN€DE€SAÔ#†Xt¦X‹ŠJ{ª#ÔÔ‡«Xt¦XXXt¦ÔÔ‡«‹J{‹X«Xt¦ÔDEó ó,à€'àˆÐ Ä Ä  Ðà X àà ° àDefendant€and€Appellant.Ô#†‹J{‹‹«‹J{ú#ÔÔ‡«‹J{‹‹‹J{ÔÔ#†«Xt¦X‹«‹J{#ÔÔ‡«‹J{‹X«Xt¦ÔÐ ¾ ¾  ÐÔ#†‹J{‹‹«‹J{¹#ÔÔ#†Xt¦X‹‹J{û#Ô(ÈhH  Z‹6Times New Roman Regular :Ý ƒt÷$ÝÓ  ÓÔ€ŠJ{‹XXÔÒ°ÒÒ°ÒÑ @ ÑÑ@Ñà ` àòòÚ  Ú1Ú  Úóó€€Ý  ÝÔ_ÔÔ‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{ÔUnless€otherwise€specified,€all€further€statutory€references€are€to€theÐ ° ÐÔ#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{¸#ÔÔ‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{ÔWelfare€and€Institutions€Code.Ô#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{V#ÔÔ‡ˆJ{‹‹ŠJ{ÔÔ‡ ˆJ{‹‹ˆJ{ÔÔ#†ˆJ{‹‹ ˆJ{Õ#ÔÔ#†ŠJ{‹‹ˆJ{¶#Ô(ÈhH  Z‹6Times New Roman Regular <Ý ƒ<¯&ÝÝ  ÝÔ_ÔNumber€here€is€34Ý ƒ!ÝÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÌÔ‡ Xt¦XXXÔÔ‡ ‹J{‹X Xt¦ÔÌÌà@) ) ìàIN€THE€COURT€OF€APPEAL€OF€THE€STATE€OF€CALIFORNIAˆÌÌà@ìàSIXTH€APPELLATE€DISTRICTˆÌÔ#†‹J{‹‹ ‹J{,#ÔÔ#†Xt¦X‹‹J{K#ÔÌ߈€J¨RB>zxïÿÍY p€ €@ Pdddd@EŸS Yš dt² ׋ é*ˆßâ À(#À(#°(#°(#âÌÔ‡‹J{‹XXt¦ÔNo.Ô% ‡S Ô€H012345Ð € Ð ÐÌ(Santa€Clara€County€SuperiorÏCourt€No.€123456)ÌÔ%†SëÔÌÔ#†Xt¦X‹‹J{É#ÔÌÌÔ‡‹J{‹XXt¦ÔNo.€H012340Ð V¦ ÐÌ(Santa€Clara€County€SuperiorÏCourt€No.€123450)ÌÔ#†Xt¦X‹‹J{|#ÔÌÌÌÌâ °(#°(#À(#À(#âÔ‡ Xt¦XXXt¦ÔÔ‡ ‹J{‹X Xt¦ÔÓ  Óò òAPPELLANT'S€OPENING€BRIEFó óÐ &v ÐÓkÓÓ  Ó____________________ÌÓ»ÓÌÓ  ÓAppeal€from€a€Judgment€Imposed€ÌÔ#† Xt¦X‹ ‹J{L#ÔÔ‡ ‹J{‹X Xt¦ÔBy€the€Santa€Clara€County€Superior€Court,€Ð ^ ÐElizabeth€Tudor,€JudgeÌÓíÓÓ  Ó____________________ÌÓÁÓÌÒ³°ÒSIXTH€DISTRICT€APPELLATE€PROGRAMÌÌJonathan€Grossman€€154452ÌStaff€AttorneyÌ100€N.€Winchester€Blvd.,€Suite€310ÌSanta€Clara,€CA€95050Ì(408)€241„6171ÌÌAttorney€for€AppellantsÌÔ#†‹J{‹‹ ‹J{-#ÔÔ#†Xt¦X‹‹J{<#ÔÔ‡‹J{‹XXt¦ÔÔ‡ ‹J{‹‹‹J{ÔRomeo€MontagueÐ À+'( ÐDonatien€de€SadeÐ  º, () ÐÔ_ÔñÊñÙÙñÊñØØÒ³ÒÒ°ÒÔ#†‹J{‹‹ ‹J{#ÔÔ#†Xt¦X‹‹J{ó#ÔÔ‡ŠJ{‹XXt¦ÔñÉñÑ8€t¦XXdúXXdú8ÑñÉñà@) ) ìàIN€THE€COURT€OF€APPEAL€OF€THE€STATE€OF€CALIFORNIAˆÐ ° ÐÌà@ìàSIXTH€APPELLATE€DISTRICTˆÌÓ  Ó߈€J‡RB>zxïÿÍY p€ €@ Pdddd@E÷kY  dt¸ /£é0ˆßâ Ð Ð Ð Ð âÌÓûÓÔ#†Xt¦X‹ŠJ{#ÔÔ‡‹J{‹XXt¦ÔNo.€H012345Ð ˜è Ð(Santa€ClaraÏCounty€SuperiorÏCourt€No.Ï123456)ÌÌÌNo.€H012340Ì(Santa€ClaraÌCounty€SuperiorÌCourt€No.Ì123450)ÌÌÌâ Ð Ð Ð Ð âÔ#†Xt¦X‹‹J{Þ#ÔÔ‡ŠJ{‹XXt¦Ôòòò òÓ  ÓÓ€ÓAPPELLANTS'€OPENING€BRIEFó óóóòòÐ D” ÐÓî ÓÓ  Óò òStatement€of€Appealabilityóóó óÐ »  ÐÓS ÓÔ‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{Ôà ` àThis€appeal€is€from€a€final€judgment€ordering€an€involuntaryÐ 2‚ Ðcommitment€under€the€Sexually€Violent€Predators€(SVP)€Act€(Welf.€&€Inst.ÏCode,€ðð€6600,€et€seq.)׃ª×Ý ƒÿÿÝòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€or€from€an€appealable€order€after€judgment€affectingÐ  p Ðappellants'€substantial€rights€which€finally€resolves€the€issues€between€theÏparties.€Ô#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{§ #ÔÔ‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{ÔIt€is€appealable€under€Code€Civil€Procedure€section€904.1,Ð ^ Ðsubdivisions€(a)(1)€and€(a)(2).Ð  … Õ  Ðòòò òÔ#†ŠJ{‹ ŠJ{› #ÔÔ‡ ŠJ{‹ŠJ{ÔÓ  ÓStatement€of€the€caseó óóóÐ ° ÐÓ… ÓÔ#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{f #ÔÔ‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{Ôà ` àÔ#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{ô #Ô]Ð 'w ÐÌòòÓ  Óò òStatement€of€Evidenceó óóóÐ  e ÐÓ\Óà ` àÔ#†Xt¦X‹ŠJ{É #ÔÔ‡ŠJ{‹XXt¦Ô]Ð Œ Ü ЀÌòòò òÓ  ÓArgumentó óóóÐ z Ê  ÐÓÓšò òÓ  ÓI.Ð ñA  ÐÓZÓÓ€ÓÓ  Óà8 ` àTHE€COURT€LACKED€THE€AUTHORITY€TOÏRETROACTIVELY€CHANGE€APPELLANTS'€OLDÏCOMMITMENTS€TO€LIFE€TERMS.Ð ` x` x Ðó óÓ€ÓÓ€€ÓÌÓ€€HÓà ` àò òA.à0 ¸ àÓ€ÓThe€Court's€Purported€Modification€of€a€Final€JudgmentÐ Ó# Ðwas€Void€Because€it€Lacked€Jurisdiction.Ð ¸ Ð ¸ Ð  ÐÓ€ŽÓÓ€€ÓÌó óÓ€€@Óà ` àIn€both€cases,€the€court€modified€the€initial€judgment€of€a€two„yearÐ D” Ðcommitment€to€be€retroactively€an€indeterminate€term.€€(Mont.€CT€224;€SadeÏCT€158.)€€De€Sade€argued€that€the€court€lacked€the€power€to€modify€a€finalÏjudgment€(Sade€2RT€17),€and€Montague€joined€in€De€Sade's€argument€(Mont.Ï4RT€177).Ìà ` àWithout€statutory€authorization,€a€court€lacks€the€jurisdiction€to€modifyÏa€final€order.€€Nowhere€in€the€SVP€Act€or€in€any€relevant€statutory€scheme€is€theÏcourt€given€the€authority€to€modify€a€final€judgment€of€an€SVP€commitment€toÏincrease€the€time€of€confinement.Ìà ` àAn€order€of€the€court€may€be€challenged€at€any€time,€even€without€anÏobjection€below€ð ð€ððfor€lack€of€personal€or€subject€matter€jurisdiction€or€òòforÐ ê$: + Ðgranting€relief€that€the€court€had€no€power€to€grantóó€.€.€.€.'€[Citation.]ðð€€(òòPlazaÐ a&±!- ÐHollister€Ltd.€Partnership€v.€County€of€San€Benitoóó€(1999)€72€Cal.App.4th€1,Ð Ø'(#/ Ð20.)€€This€is€because€the€court€lacks€fundamental€jurisdiction.€€Ô‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{Ô(òòIbid.óó)Ô#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{¡#Ô€€WhetherÐ O)Ÿ$1 Ða€court€has€jurisdiction€is€an€issue€of€law€which€is€subject€to€de€novo€review.€Ð Æ*&3 Ð(òòDay€v.€Collingwoodóó€(2006)€144€Cal.App.4th€1116,€1123.)€Ð ° Ðà ` àð ð[A]fter€entry€of€judgment,€a€trial€court€has€no€further€power€to€rule€onÏa€motion€for€reconsideration.ðð€€(òòAPRI€Ins.€Co.€S.A.€v.€Ô‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{ÔSuperior€CourtÔ#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{\#Ô€óó(1999)Ð žî Ð76€Cal.App.4th€176,€181.)€€€ð ðThe€issue€is€jurisdictional.€€Once€the€trial€court€hasÏentered€judgment,€it€is€without€power€to€grant€reconsideration.ðð€€Ô‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{Ô(òòId.óó€at€p.Ô#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{g#ÔÔ‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{Ô€Ô#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{¹#ÔÔ‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{Ô182.)€Ô#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{ü#ÔÐ Œ Ü Ðà ` àThe€SVP€Act€permits€modification€of€a€judgment€of€commitment€inÏlimited€circumstances.€€Under€sections€6605€and€6608,€the€patient€or€theÏDepartment€of€Mental€Health€may€petition€the€court€to€reduce€the€time€forÏconfinement€and€to€conditionally€or€unconditionally€release€the€patient.€ÏNowhere€does€the€Act€state€a€judgment€of€commitment€can€be€modified€toÏlengthen€the€term€of€confinement.€€The€orders€committing€Montague€in€OctoberÏ2002€and€De€Sade€in€May€2005€under€the€SVP€Act€were€final€judgments.€€TheÏcourt€lacked€jurisdiction€in€June€2007€to€modify€either€judgment€to€make€themÏlonger.Ìà ` àAn€order€by€a€court€lacking€fundamental€jurisdiction€is€void.€€(See,€e.g.,€ÏòòVarian€Medical€Systems,€Inc.€v.€Delfinoóó€(2005)€35€Cal.4th€180,€196„201Ð ©ù Ð[orders€after€notice€of€appeal€was€filed€was€void€for€lack€of€jurisdiction];€òòGrisetÐ  p  Ðv.€Fair€Political€Practices€Com.óó€(2001)€25€Cal.4th€688,€701€[orders€beyond€theÐ —ç" Ðscope€of€a€remittitur€was€void€for€lack€of€jurisdiction];€òòZilog€v.€Superior€CourtÐ ^$ Ð(PNC€Indemnity€Co.)óó€(2001)€86€Cal.App.4th€1309,€1323;€òòóó[orders€by€a€courtÐ … Õ& Ðwhich€improperly€refused€to€disqualify€itself€were€void].)€€Consequently,€theÏorders€of€June€1,€2007,€converting€the€old€final€judgments€of€two€years€to€beÏindeterminate€terms,€were€void.ñËñÌÌÌñËñÌò òÓ€Óà ` àB.à0 ¸ àThe€Statutory€Language€Does€not€Permit€RetroactivelyÐ Æ*&4 ÐChanging€Commitment€Orders.ÐÀ+'5¸ Ð ¸ Ð  ÐÓ€ÛÓÓ€€ÓÌó óÓ€€ Óà ` àIn€moving€to€modify€the€initial€commitment€order,€the€governmentÐ -} Ðargued€that,€in€amending€sections€6604€and€6604.1,€the€Legislature€and€theÏvoters€converted€previous€two„year€commitments€to€indeterminate€termsÏwithout€the€need€of€any€judicial€action€other€than€amending€previous€judgmentsÏof€commitment€to€be€indeterminate€terms.€€Ô‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{Ô(Mont.€CT€93;€Sade€CT€24.)€Ð  Y  ÐòòóóÔ#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{7!#ÔMontague€and€De€Sade€objected€to€modifying€the€order€to€be€retroactively.€Ð € Ð  Ð(Mont.€CT€139„194;€Sade€CT€71„145.)€Ìà ` àThe€current€statutory€language€does€not€permit€retroactively€changing€aÏfinal€judgment.€€Ô‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{Ôð ð€ððMatters€of€interpreting€and€applying€a€statute€are€questions€ofÐ å5  Ðlaw.'€[Citations]€€Thus,€we€independently€construe€statutory€lawÔ#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{˜"#ÔÔ‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{Ô...Ô#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{x##ÔÔ‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{Ô€ðð€€(òòIn€reÐ \¬  ÐSchmidtóó€(2006)€143€Cal.App.4th€694,€704;€òòIn€re€Chavez€óó(2004)€114Ð Ó# ÐCal.App.4th€989,994€[whether€an€amendment€can€be€applied€retroactively€is€ð ðaÏpure€question€of€law€to€which€we€apply€our€independent€review.ðð].)òòóó€€Ô#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{¿##ÔÐ Á Ðà ` àð ðThe€applicable€principles€of€statutory€construction€are€well€settled.€InÏconstruing€statutes,€we€must€determine€and€effectuate€legislative€intent.€€ToÏascertain€intent,€we€look€first€to€the€words€of€the€statutes,€giving€them€theirÏusual€and€ordinary€meaning.€€In€analyzing€statutory€language,€we€seek€to€giveÏmeaning€to€every€word€and€phrase€in€the€statute€to€accomplish€a€resultÏconsistent€with€the€legislative€purpose.ðð€€(òòÔ‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{ÔPeople€v.€Cheekóó€(2001)€25€Cal.4thÐ ‹Û% Ð894,€Ô#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{õ&#Ô899,€citations,€Ô‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{Ôinternal€quotation€marks,€and€ellipsis€omitted.)€€Ô#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{…'#ÔÔ‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{Ôð ðA€statuteÐ !R' Ðmust€be€construed€in€the€context€of€the€entire€statutory€scheme€of€which€it€is€aÏpart,€in€order€to€achieve€harmony€among€the€parts.ðð€€Ô#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{ù'#ÔšÔ‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{Ô(òòPeople€v.€Lewisóó€(1993)€21Ð ð#@+ ÐCal.App.4th243,€254.)€€Ô#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{ç(#ÔÔ‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{Ôð ðIn€interpreting€a€voter€initiative€...,€we€apply€the€sameÐ g%· - Ðprinciples€that€govern€statutory€construction.ðð€€(Ô#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{v)#ÔòòÔ‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{ÔRobert€L.€v.€Superior€CourtóóÐ Þ&."/ Ð(2003)30€Cal.4th€894,€900Ô#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{E*#Ô.)Ð U(¥#1 Ðà ` àIn€2006,€an€initiative€was€placed€on€the€November€ballot€to€address€sexÏoffenders,€including€the€criteria€for€committing€them€under€the€SVP€Act.€€(Prop.Ð C+“&5 Ð83,€as€approved€by€voters,€Gen.€Elec.€(Nov.€7,€2006)€(Prop.€83).)€€The€officialÏtitle€of€Proposition€83€is€ð ðThe€Sexual€Predator€Punishment€and€Control€Act:ÏJessica's€Law.ðð€€(Prop.€83,€ðð€1.)€€In€anticipation€of€the€ballot€initiative,€theÏLegislature€passed€its€own€Sexual€Predator€Punishment€and€Control€ActÏ(SPPCA),€effective€September€20,€2006.€€(Stats.€2006,€ch.€337,€ðð€1.)€€ÏProposition€83€also€passed.€€Both€laws€broadened€the€reach€of€the€SVP€Act€toÏmake€more€sex€offender€eligible€for€commitment.€€Both€laws€amended€sectionÏ6604€to€make€an€SVP€commitment€to€be€an€indeterminate€term.€(Stats.€2006,Ïch.€337,€ðð€55,€amending€ðð6604;€Prop.€83,€ðð€27,€making€the€same€amendment€toÏðð€6604.)€€Ìà ` àPreviously,€section€6604€stated:€€ð ðIf€the€court€or€jury€determines€that€theÏperson€is€a€sexually€violent€predator,€the€person€shall€be€committed€for€òòtwoÐ Í Ðyearsóó€to€the€custody€of€the€State€Department€of€Mental€Health€Ô‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{Ô...Ô#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{p/#Ô€.€ðð€(emphasisÐ D” Ðadded).€€(Stats.€2000,€ch.€420,€ðð€3.)€€The€amendments€replaced€the€words€ð ðtwoÏyearsðð€with€ð ðan€indeterminate€term.ðð€€Further,€section€6604€no€longer€retainsÏlanguage€that€ð ðthe€person€shall€not€be€kept€in€actual€custody€longer€than€twoÏyears€unless€a€subsequent€extended€commitment€is€obtained€from€the€courtÏincident€to€the€filing€of€a€petition€for€extended€commitmentðð€or€unless€the€courtÏorders€conditional€or€unconditional€release€sooner.€€(See€Mont.€CT€217.)Ð Ðà ` àBoth€SPPCA€and€Proposition€83€amended€section€6604.1.€€Previously,Ïit€stated:ÌÓ€Óà8 ` àà ¸ à(a)€€The€òòtwo„year€termóó€of€commitment€provided€for€inÐ s#Ã* ÐSection€6604€shall€commence€on€the€date€upon€which€the€courtÏissues€the€òòinitial€orderóó€of€commitment€pursuant€to€that€section.€Ð g%· , ÐThe€initial€two„year€term€shall€not€be€reduced€by€any€time€spentÏin€a€secure€facility€prior€to€the€order€of€commitment.€€òòFor€anyÐ ['«". Ðsubsequent€extended€commitmentsóó,€the€term€of€commitmentÐ U(¥#/ Ðshall€be€for€two€years€commencing€from€the€date€of€theÏtermination€of€the€previous€commitment.Ð ` x` x Кà8 ` àà ¸ à(b)€€The€person€shall€be€evaluated€by€two€practicingÐ C+“&2 Ðpsychologists€or€psychiatrists,€or€by€one€practicing€psychologistÏand€one€practicing€psychiatrist,€designated€by€the€StateÏDepartment€of€Mental€Health.€€The€provisions€of€subdivisions€(c)Ïto€(i),€inclusive,€of€Section€6601€shall€apply€to€evaluationsÏperformed€for€purposes€of€òòextended€commitmentsóó.€€The€rights,Ð ˜è Ðrequirements,€and€procedures€set€forth€in€Section€6603€shallÏapply€to€òòextended€óócommitment€proceedings.ÐŒ Ü` x` x ÐÓ€'2ÓÓ€€ÓÌÓ€€é6Ó(Stats.€2000,€ch.€420,€ðð€4,€emphasis€added.)šÌà ` àThe€amendments€eliminated€the€second€and€third€sentences€in€Ô‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{ÔsubdivisionÔ#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{‹7#ÔÐ z Ê  Ð(a)€and€changed€the€phrase€in€the€subdivision€the€phrase€ð ðtwo„year€termðð€toÏð ðindeterminate€term.ðð€€Ô‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{ÔSubdivisionÔ#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{\8#Ô€(a)€now€reads:Ð h¸  ÐÓ€Óà8 ` àà ¸ àThe€òòindeterminate€termóó€of€commitment€provided€for€inÐ ß/  ÐSection€6604€shall€commence€on€the€date€upon€which€the€courtÏissues€the€òòinitial€orderóó€of€commitment€pursuant€to€that€section.€ÐÓ#` x` x ÐÌÓ€Í8Ó(Stats.€2006,€ch.€337,€ðð€56;€Prop.€83,€ðð€28,€emphasis€added).€€In€the€end,€theÏamendments€also€changed€the€last€phrase€of€Ô‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{ÔsubdivisionÔ#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{€:#Ô€(b)€to€read:€ð ðshall€applyÐ >Ž Ðto€òòallóó€commitment€proceedingsðð€(emphasis€added).€€(See€Mont.€CT€217.)€TheÐ µ Ðstatute€retains€the€phrase€ð ðextended€commitmentsðð€in€the€second€sentence€ofÏÔ‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{ÔsubdivisionÔ#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{¸;#Ô€(b).Ð £ó ÐñÌñÌñÌññÌñÌñÌñà ` àò òÓ€Óà ¸ à1.à0  àThe€plain€language€of€section€6604.1€provides€forÐ j Ðprospective€application.Ó€D<Óó óÐdÐ Ð  Ðà ` àAs€appellants€argued€below,€the€plain€language€did€not€provide€forÏretroactive€application€of€the€amendments.€€(Mont.€CT€172„179,€183„184;€SadeÏ71„76.)€€Nowhere€in€section€6604€or€6604.1€does€it€state€that€when€a€court€hadÏmade€an€order€for€a€two€year€commitment,€it€becomes€an€indeterminate€term.€Ô‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{ÔÐ ð#@' ÐÔ#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{<>#Ôà ` àSection€6604€is€a€continuation€of€a€procedure€which€begins€with€sectionÐ g%· ) Ð6601.€€If€the€Department€of€Mental€Health€recommends€a€petition€to€be€filed,Ïthe€district€attorney€may€do€so.€€(ðð€6601.)€€There€is€a€right€to€a€probable€causeÏhearing.€€(ðð€6602.)€€And€there€is€a€right€to€the€assistance€of€counsel,€a€jury,€andÏa€unanimous€verdict€at€a€trial.€€(ðð6603.)€€At€the€trial,€held€under€section€6603,Ð C+“&1 Ðthe€burden€of€proof€at€the€trial€is€ð ðbeyond€a€reasonable€doubt.ðð€€(ðð€6604.)€€IfÏthere€is€a€verdict€that€the€person€does€not€qualify,€he€shall€be€discharged.€€Ô‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{Ô(òòIbid.óó)Ô#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{A#ԀР'w ÐIf€there€is€a€verdict€that€he€qualifies,€ð ðthe€person€shall€be€committed€for€anÏindeterminate€termðð€(previously,€it€said€that€ð ðthe€person€shall€be€committed€forÏtwo€yearsðð).€€Ô‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{Ô(òòIbid.óó)Ô#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{$B#ԀРŒ Ü Ðà ` àThus,€the€plain€language€and€the€context€of€section€6604€demonstrates€Ïthat€it€prescribes€the€disposition€of€a€pending€petition.€€Once€the€petition€hasÏbeen€adjudicated€under€sections€6601€through€6603,€section€6604€requiresÏeither€an€order€to€commit€or€discharge€the€person,€depending€on€the€verdict.€ÏNowhere€does€section€6604€purport€to€affect€an€order€or€final€judgmentÏresulting€from€a€petition€that€is€no€longer€pending.ÌÔ‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{Ôà ` àThe€plain€language€of€new€subdivisionÔ#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{@D#Ô€(a)€of€section€6604.1€simply€statesÐ Í Ðthat€òòwhenóó€a€commitment€of€an€òòindeterminateóó€term€is€made€pursuant€to€sectionÐ D” Ð6604,€the€commitment€commences€when€the€court€makes€the€order:€€ð ðòòTheÐ »  Ðindeterminate€term€of€commitment€provided€for€in€Section€6604óó€shallÐ 2‚ Ðcommence€on€the€date€upon€which€the€court€issues€the€initial€order€ofÏcommitment€pursuant€to€that€sectionðð€(emphasis€added).€€Section€6604.1€doesÏnot€expressly€or€impliedly€state€that€existing€commitments€becomeÏindeterminate.€€On€the€contrary,€by€its€own€terms,€new€section€6604.1€appliesÏonly€when€the€court€orders€an€indeterminate€term€under€section€6604.€€No€courtÏhad€ordered€pursuant€to€section€6604€that€appellants'€commitments€beÏindeterminate€terms;€all€orders€made€by€the€courts€pursuant€to€section€6604Ïwere€that€appellants'€commitments€were€for€two€years.€€Ìà ` àSection€6604.1,€Ô‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{ÔsubdivisionÔ#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{kH#Ô€(b)€continues€to€state€that€ð ð[t]he€provisionsÐ a&±!. Ðof€subdivisions€(c)€to€(i),€inclusive,€of€Section€6601€shall€apply€to€evaluationsÏperformed€for€purposes€of€òòextended€commitmentsóó.€€The€rights,€requirements,Ð O)Ÿ$2 Ðand€procedures€set€forth€in€Section€6603€shall€apply€to€allòò€óócommitmentÐ Æ*&4 Ðproceedings.ðð€€This€demonstrates€a€need€to€continue€to€file€commitmentÏextension€petitions€for€those€whose€two€year€commitments€were€expiring€andÏstill€in€need€for€confinement.€€The€government€argues€this€language€refers€to€theÏprocedures€set€forth€in€sections€6605€through€6608.€€(Mont.€CT€96„101,€196„¼198;€Sow.€CT€27„32,€150.)€€But€the€procedures€in€sections€6605€through€6608Ïdiscuss€how€to€shorten€a€commitment,€not€how€to€extend€it.€€Further,€sectionsÏ6605€and€6608€already€describe€what€rights€apply€in€those€proceedings,€such€asÏthe€number€of€evaluations€and€who€may€file€petitions€to€the€court.€€(ðððð€6605,Ïsubds.€(a)€&€(b)€[petition€by€the€patient],€subd.€(f)€[petition€by€the€Department],Ï6607€[petition€by€the€Department];€6608,€subd.€(a)€[petition€by€the€patient].)€ÏIncorporating€provisions€of€section€6601€concerning€evaluations€and€how€aÏpetition€is€authorized€would€be€redundant€and€in€some€places€contradictory.€Ï(See,€e.g.,€ðð€6601,€subd.€(i)€[petition€can€be€filed€only€by€the€county€districtÏattorney].)€€Rendering€portions€of€the€Act€nugatory€or€in€conflict€with€otherÏprovisions€violates€the€rule€of€statutory€construction€that€the€language€shouldÏbe€harmonized€to€give€each€word€meaning.€€(òòÔ‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{ÔCheek,€supra,óó€25€Cal.4th€at€p.€Ô#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{áN#Ô899.)Ð ©ù Ðà ` àFurther,€ð ð€ðð[w]hen€the€Legislature€amends€a€statute€without€changing€Ô% ‡W ÔÔ%†W¶OÔthoseÐ  p  Ðportions€of€the€statute€that€have€previously€been€construed€by€the€courts,€theÏLegislature€is€presumed€to€have€known€of€and€to€have€acquiesced€in€the€previousÏjudicial€construction.'€€[Citations.]ðð€€Ô‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{Ô(òòPeople€v.€Atkinsóó€(2001)25€Cal.4th€76,Ð … Õ& Ð89„90Ô#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{¸P#ÔÔ‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{Ô.)Ô#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{AQ#Ô€€The€courts€have€interpreted€the€language€in€section€6604.1€concerningÐ ü!L( Ðextended€commitment€petitions€to€mean€the€filing€of€a€new€petition€at€the€endÏof€the€two€year€commitment€under€section€6601€and€the€judicial€proceedingÏunder€sections€6602€through€6604.€€(òòPeople€v.€Munoz€óó(2005)€129€Cal.App.4thÐ a&±!. Ð421,€429;€òòÔ‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{ÔCooley€v.€Superior€Court€(Edwards)óó€(2001)€89€Cal.App.4th€785,Ð Ø'(#0 Ð788„789Ô#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{ëR#Ô.)€€There€is€no€indication€the€Legislature€intended€to€alter€thisÐ O)Ÿ$2 Ðconstruction.Ð Æ*&4 Ðà ` àBy€their€own€terms,€neither€new€section€6604€nor€new€section€6604.1Ïapply€retroactively€to€appellants'€previous€two„year€commitments.ÌšÓ€Óà ` àà ¸ àò ò2.à0  àThere€was€no€clear€intent€to€create€retrospectiveÐ žî Ðlegislation.Ð Ð Ð  Ðó óÓ€”TÓÓ€€ÓÌÓ€€QUÓà ` àAppellants€argued€below€that€the€legislative€history€did€not€demonstrateÏthat€the€new€language€in€the€SVP€Act€provided€for€retrospective€application€ofÏthe€amendments.€€(Mont.€CT€176„177;€Sade€CT€83„87.)€€The€government€reliedÏon€the€language€in€Ô‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{ÔsubdivisionÔ#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{|V#Ô€(a)€of€section€6604.1€that€ð ð[t]he€indeterminateÐ tÄ  Ðterm€of€commitment€provided€for€in€Ô‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{ÔsubdivisionÔ#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{4W#Ô€Section€6604€shall€commenceÐ ë;  Ðon€the€date€upon€which€the€court€issues€the€òòinitial€orderóó€of€commitmentÐ b²  Ðpursuant€to€that€section.ðð€€(Mont.€CT€91„93;€Sade€CT€22„24.)€€To€theÏgovernment,€the€phrase€ð ðinitial€orderðð€obliquely€indicates€some€intent€to€convertÏexisting€two„year€commitments€to€indeterminate€terms€without€the€need€of€anyÏjudicial€review.€€(Mont.€94„100;€Sade€CT€25„32.)€€The€trial€court€agreed.€€(Mont.ÏCT€224;€Sade€CT€158;€Mont.€5RT€187;€Sade€3RT€32.)€Ìà ` àA€ð ðretrospective€law€is€one€which€affects€rights,€obligations,€acts,Ïtransactions€and€Ô% ‡b ÔÔ%†bëYÔconditions€which€are€performed€or€exist€prior€to€the€adoptionÏof€the€statute.ðð€€(òòEvangelatos€v.€Superior€Courtóó€(1988)€44€Cal.3d€1188,€1206,Ð j! ÐÔ‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{Ôinternal€quotation€marks€omitted.Ô#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{²Z#Ô)€€Here,€appellants€were€committed€with€theÐ ‘á# Ðright€to€be€released€from€custody€in€two€years;€although€the€government€still€hadÏthe€authority€to€re„commence€commitment€proceedings€if€it€could€prove€beyondÏa€reasonable€doubt€that€he€still€qualified€as€a€sexually€violent€predator.€€(FormerÏðððð€6604,€6604.1.)€€The€commitment€extension€petition€was€not€a€continuationÏof€the€old€commitment€but€the€beginning€of€a€òònewóó€proceeding.€€(òòMunoz,€supra,Ð ä%4!- Ðóó129€Cal.App.4th€at€p.€429.)€€Thus,€each€appellant€had€a€vested€right€to€beÐ ['«"/ Ðreleased€upon€the€expiration€of€the€two„year€term€(unless€the€government€couldÏprove€in€new€proceedings€that€a€new€commitment€was€necessary).€€€ThisÏqualified€as€a€substantive€liberty€interest.€€Extinguishing€this€liberty€interest€wasÐ À+'5 Ða€retrospective€application€of€the€law€to€appellants'€detriment.Ìà ` àThere€is€a€strong€presumption€against€applying€legislationÏretrospectively.€€To€rebut€this€presumption,€there€must€be€clear€proof€thatÏlegislation€is€intended€to€apply€retrospectively.€Ô‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{Ô€ð ðÔ#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{k_#ÔA€basic€canon€of€statutoryÐ  e Ðinterpretation€is€that€statutes€do€not€operate€retrospectively€unless€theÏLegislature€plainly€intended€them€to€do€so.ðð€€(òòWestern€Security€Bank€v.Ð  S  ÐSuperior€Courtóó€(1997)€15€Cal.4th232,€234;€cf.€Civ.€Code,€ðð€3;€Ô‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{ÔCode€Civ.€Proc,Ð z Ê  ÐððÔ#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{Ò`#Ô€3;€Ô‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{ÔPen.€Code,€ððÔ#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{@a#Ô€3.)€€The€presumption€against€retrospective€legislation€appliesÐ ñA  Ðto€changes€in€SVP€laws€Ô‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{Ô(see,€e.g.,€òòGarcetti€v.€Ô#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{üa#ÔÔ‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{ÔSuperior€CourtÔ#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{Yb#ÔÔ‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{Ô€óó€(1999)€76Ð h¸  ÐCal.App.4th€685,€693)€and€to€changes€made€by€the€electorateÔ#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{©b#Ô€(òòEvangelatos€v.Ð ß/  ÐSuperior€Courtóó€(1988)€44€Cal.3d€1188,€1194).€€As€the€state€supreme€courtÐ V¦ Ðexplained,€ð ð€ððÔ‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{Ôa€retrospective€operation€will€not€be€given€to€a€statute€whichÐ Í Ðinterferes€with€antecedent€rights€.€.€.€unless€such€be€ð ðthe€unequivocal€andÏinflexible€import€of€the€terms,€and€the€manifest€intention€of€the€legislature.ððððÏ[Citation.]ðð€Ô#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{åc#Ô€(òòEvangelatos,€supra,€óó44€Cal.3d€at€p.€1207,€emphasis€omitted,Ð 2‚ Ðquoting€òòUnited€States€v.€Security€Industrial€Bankóó€(1982)€459€U.S.€70,€79„80.)Ð ©ù Ðà ` àIn€òòEvangelatos,€supra,óó€44€Cal.3d€1188,€the€voters€approved€PropositionÐ  p  Ð51€which€limited€liability€of€joint€tortfeasors€for€noneconomic€damages.€€Ô‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{Ô(òòId.óóÐ —ç" Ðat€p.Ô#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{¨f#Ô€1192.)€€The€clear€purpose€of€the€initiative€was€to€limit€damage€awards.€€ButÐ ^$ Ðthe€Supreme€Court€held€there€was€no€evidence€this€limit€would€applyÏretroactively€to€torts€committed€before€the€initiative€was€enacted.€€Ô‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{Ô(òòId.óó€at€pp.Ô#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{ùg#ÔÐ ü!L( Ð1209„1221.)€€Although€there€was€much€information€in€the€voter€pamphletÏconcerning€the€need€to€limit€damage€awards,€there€was€no€expressed€languageÏin€the€statute,€the€voter€pamphlet,€or€elsewhere€to€indicate€an€intent€to€apply€itÏretrospectively.€€ð ð[I]t€appears€rather€clear€that€the€drafters€of€Proposition€51,€inÏomitting€any€provision€with€regard€to€retroactivity,€must€have€recognized€that€theÏstatute€would€not€be€applied€retroactively.ðð€€Ô‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{Ô(òòId.óó€at€p.Ô#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{#j#Ô€1211.)€€Similarly,€here,Ð Æ*&4 Ðthere€was€no€clear€language€in€the€language€of€the€statute,€voter€pamphlet,€orÏelsewhere€to€indicate€it€would€apply€retrospectively.€€The€SPPCA€was€83€pagesÏlong€and€contained€62€different€sections.€€Proposition€83€was€a€long€ballotÏinitiative,€with€33€different€sections.€€They€never€stated€that€the€indeterminateÏterm€provision€would€apply€retroactively€to€patients€already€committed.€Ìà ` àIn€search€for€clues€that€Proposition€83€should€apply€retroactively,€theÏgovernment€pointed€to€a€transcript€of€a€Legislative€hearing€held€on€October€3,Ï2006.€€(Mont.€CT€94,€134„136;€Sade€CT€25,€65„66.)€€(CT€141„142.)€€TheÏtranscript€was€irrelevant€in€determining€the€intent€of€the€voters€since€theÏmaterial€was€presented€neither€to€the€voters€nor€to€the€drafters.€€Nor€was€itÏrelevant€to€the€construing€the€SPPCA€since€the€hearing€occurred€òòafteróó€it€wasÐ V¦ Ðsigned€by€the€governor€on€September€20,€2006.€€(See€Stats.€2006,€ch.€337.)š€€TheÏSupreme€Court€has€ð ðfrequently€stated,€Ô‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{Ô...Ô#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{‹n#Ô€that€the€statements€of€an€individualÐ D” Ðlegislator,€including€the€author€of€a€bill,€are€generally€not€considered€inÏconstruing€a€statute,€as€the€court's€task€is€to€ascertain€the€intent€of€theÏLegislature€as€a€whole€in€adopting€a€piece€of€legislation.€€[Citations.]ðð€Ï(Ô‡gŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{ÔòòQuintano€v.€Mercury€Casualty€Co.€óó(1995)€11€Cal.4th€1049,€1062.)Ô#†ŠJ{‹‹gŠJ{óo#ÔÐ  p  Ðà ` àIn€any€event,€the€legislative€history€to€which€the€government€refers€isÏsimply€the€view€of€some€people€that€the€change€in€the€law€would€make€SVPÏcommitments€indeterminate.€€(Mont.€CT€137;€Sade€CT€66.)€€But€this€is€aÏstandard€method€of€referring€to€prospective€changes€in€the€law;€it€does€notÏindicate€an€intent€to€transform€òòexistingóó€two„year€commitments€to€indeterminateÐ s#Ã* Ðterms,€only€that€new€commitments€would€be€indeterminate.Ìà ` àThe€government€argued€the€case€of€òòRio€Linda€Union€School€District€v.Ð a&±!. ÐWorkers'€Compensation€Appeals€Boardóó€(2005)€131€Cal.App.4th€517€suggestsÐ Ø'(#0 Ðthat€retrospective€application€of€a€statute€can€be€implied.€€(Mont.€CT€102„103;ÏSade€CT€33„34.)€€In€that€case,€an€injured€employee€made€a€workers'Ð Æ*&4 Ðcompensation€claim.€€While€the€matter€was€pending€before€a€workers'Ïcompensation€judge,€the€applicable€statutes€were€repealed€and€replaced€by€newÏlegislation.€€Ô‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{Ô(òòRio€Linda,€supra,óó€at€p.Ô#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{ot#Ô€521.)€€The€court€observed€the€LegislatureÐ žî Ðexpressly€stated€the€new€statutes€were€to€apply€to€pending€claims€but€would€notÏaffect€existing€awards.€€Ô‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{Ô(òòId.óó€at€p.Ô#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{wu#Ô€529.)€€It€also€observed€that€employee's€right€toÐ Œ Ü Ðbenefits€did€not€vest€until€an€award€was€ordered.€€Ô‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{Ô(òòId.óó€at€p.Ô#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{Bv#Ô€528.)€€The€court€heldÐ  S  Ðthe€statute€should€be€applied€as€the€Legislature€expressly€stated:€to€pendingÏclaims€but€not€to€claims€already€settled.€€Ô‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{Ô(òòId.óó€at€p.Ô#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{8w#Ô€531.)€€Since€the€courtÐ ñA  Ðfollowed€the€expressed€directions€of€the€Legislature€and€did€not€modify€anyÏorders€that€were€made€before€the€amendment€took€effect,€this€case€did€notÏsupport€the€government's€position€that€amendments€could€silently€modify€oldÏorders.Ìà ` àThe€government€also€cited€òòAlbertson€v.€Ô‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{ÔSuperior€CourtÔ#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{Öx#Ô€óó(2001)€25Ð D” ÐCal.4th€796€in€which€the€Legislature€amended€a€statute€that€permitted€theÏgovernment€to€access€an€SVP€patient's€mental€health€records€for€litigationÏpurposes.€€The€government€asserted€this€indicated€retroactive€application€of€aÏstatute€can€be€implied.€€(Mont.€CT€101„102;€Sade€CT€32„33.)€€On€the€contrary,Ïthere€was€no€mention€in€the€òòAlbertsonóó€opinion€that€the€statute€was€being€appliedÐ —ç" Ðretroactively.€€Instead,€the€court€concluded€that€a€òòproceduralóó€change€inÐ ^$ Ðdiscovery€rules€would€apply€prospectively€to€pending€litigation.€€Ô‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{Ô(òòId.óó€at€p.Ô#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{Š{#Ô€804.)€Ð … Õ& ÐHere,€the€government€and€the€superior€court€concede€that€modifying€appellants'Ïinitial€commitment€orders€was€a€retrospective€application€of€the€SVPÏamendments.€€The€change€in€the€law€affected€appellants'€òòsubstantiveóó€rights€toÐ ê$: , Ðliberty.€€Absent€clear€indication€from€the€Legislature€or€the€voters,€the€courtsÏpresume€the€outcome€was€not€intended.Ìà ` àIndeed,€in€òòDoe€v.€Schwarzenegger€óó(E.D.€Cal.€2007)€476€F.Supp.2dÔ‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{Ô€1178,Ð O)Ÿ$2 Ðthe€courtÔ#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{¼}#Ôòòóó€held€that€the€Proposition€83€did€not€apply€retroactively.€€Though€theÐ Æ*&4 Ðnew€law€prohibited€registered€sex€offenders€from€living€within€2000€feet€of€aÏschool,€the€court€concluded€the€new€law€did€not€apply€retrospectively€toÏoffenders€already€residing€within€the€zone.€€Ô‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{Ô(òòId.óó€at€pp.Ô#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{G#Ô€1180„1181.)€€TheÐ žî Ðinitiative€ð ðevinces€no€textual€intent€of€retroactivity.ðð€€Ô‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{Ô(òòId.óó€at€p.Ô#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{€#Ô€1182.)€Ð  e Ðà ` àð ðTo€infer€retroactivity€is€no€small€feat.€€ðð[A]€statute€will€not€be€appliedÐ Œ Ü Ðretroactively€unless€it€is€very€clear€from€extrinsic€sources€that€the€LegislatureÏthe€voters€must€have€intended€a€retroactive€application.'€€(òòEvangelatos,óó€44Ð z Ê  ÐCal.3d€at€1208.)ðð€€(òòSchwarzenegger,€supra,€óó476€F.Supp.2d€at€p.€1182.)€€GivenÐ ñA  Ðthe€need€to€clearly€state€whether€a€statute€should€be€applied€retrospectively,€itÏis€not€reasonable€to€conclude€that€the€Legislature€and€the€electorate€intended€toÏobscure€its€intent.ñÎñÐ  V¦ ÐñÎññÏñÌñÏñò òÓ€Óà ` àC.à0 ¸ àRetroactively€Changing€Appellants'€Two„YearÐ ° ÐCommitments€to€an€Indeterminate€Terms€isÏUnconstitutional.Ð ¸ Ð ¸ Ð  ÐÓ€ç‚ÓÓ€€ÓÌÓ€€ºƒÓÔ‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{Ôó óà ` àTo€the€extent€the€statutory€language€is€ambiguous,€it€should€be€construedÐ k Ðto€avoid€applying€it€retrospectively€because€šÔ#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{ãƒ#Ôð ðconstitutionally€doubtfulÐ ’ â Ðinterpretations€should€be€avoided.ðð€€(òòJones€v.€United€Statesóó€(2000)€529€U.S.Ð  Y Ð848,€851;€accord,€òòPeople€v.€Hernandez€óó(2003)30€Cal.4th835,€868;€òòDoe,Ð € Ð  Ðsupra,€óó476€F.Supp.2dÔ‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{Ô€at€p.€1181.)Ô#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{×…#Ô€€If€the€statute€were€to€require€retrospectiveÐ ÷ G  Ðconversion€of€existing€two„year€commitments€€to€indeterminate€terms,€then€itÏwould€violate€constitutional€principles€of€separation€of€powers,€prohibitionsÏagainst€bills€of€attainder,€and€the€requirements€of€due€process€and€fair€notice.€Ìà ` àð ðThe€issue€of€whether€the€orders€run€afoul€of€a€constitutional€right€isÏpurely€a€question€of€law,€and€we€therefore€consider€it€de€novo.ðð€€(òòMaggi€v.Ð Jš ÐSuperior€Court€(Alkosseróó)€(2004)€119€Cal.App.4th€1218,€1224;€òòDVD€CopyÐ Á ÐControl€Assn.,€Inc.€v.€Bunneróó€(2003)31€Cal.4th864,889„890,€citing€šòòFiske€v.Ð 8ˆ ÐState€of€Kansasóó€(1927)274€U.S.380,385„386.)òòóó€òòóóñÇñÐ ¯ÿ ÐñÇññÐññÇñÌñÇñÌñÐñò òÓ€ÓñÒññÑñðäðñÑññÒñà ` àà ¸ à1.à0  àThe€constitutional€doctrine€of€separation€of€powersÐ &v Ðprohibits€legislation€which€amends€final€judicialÏjudgments.Ó€R‰Óó óÐj Ð Ð  ÐÓ€Óà ` àÓ€^ŠÓAccording€to€the€government,€the€Legislature€and€the€voters€have€alreadyÏconverted€the€initial€two€year€commitments€to€be€indeterminate€terms.€€ð ðThereÏis€no€need€for€a€subsequent€hearing,€given€the€implications€of€the€clear€intent€toÏmake€the€indeterminate€term€of€commitment€retroactive€to€[appellants']€initialÏcommitment,€pursuant€to€section€6604.ðð€€(Mont.€CT€93;€Sade€CT€24.)€€De€SadeÏargued€that€legislation€which€retroactively€modifies€a€final€judgment€violates€theÏdoctrine€requiring€a€separation€of€powers€between€the€different€branches€of€theÏstate.€€(Sade€2RT€17.)€€Montague€joined€in€De€Sade's€argument.€€(Mont.€4RTÏ167,€177.)Ìà ` àUnder€the€separation€of€powers€doctrine,€only€a€court€can€change€a€finalÐ À+'4 Ðjudgment.€€The€executive€and€legislative€branches€lack€the€authority€to€modifyÏa€final€judgment.€€(òòÔ‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{ÔPeopleÔ#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{å#Ô€v.€Bunnóó€(2002)€27€Cal.4th€1,€22„23;€see€also€òòPlautÐ 'w Ðv.€Spendthrift€Farmsóó€(1995)€514€U.S.€211.)Ð žî Ðà ` àIn€òòPlaut,€supra,€óó514€U.S.€211,€Plaut€sued€in€1987,€but€the€case€wasÐ  e Ðdismissed€because€it€was€filed€after€the€statute€of€limitations.€€Ô‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{Ô(òòId.óó€at€pp.Ô#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{i#Ô€213„Ð Œ Ü Ð214.)€€Congress€passed€a€law€in€1991€that€extended€the€statute€of€limitations€forÏcases€such€as€Plaut's.€€Ô‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{Ô(òòId.óó€at€pp.Ô#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{@#Ô€214„215.)€€After€1991,€Plaut€attempted€toÐ z Ê  Ðrevive€the€suit.€€The€Supreme€Court€held€that€it€violated€the€doctrine€ofÏseparation€of€powers€for€Congress€to€alter€a€final€judgment€and€revive€a€case€thatÏhad€been€dismissed.€€Ô‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{Ô(òòId.óó€at€pp.Ô#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{„‘#Ô€225„229.)€€ð ðWhen€retroactive€legislationÐ ß/  Ðrequires€its€own€application€in€a€case€already€finally€adjudicated,€it€does€no€moreÏand€no€less€than€ððreverse€a€determination€once€made,€in€a€particular€case.'ðð€€Ô‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{Ô(òòId.óóÐ Í Ðat€p.Ô#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{Á’#Ô€225.)€€While€legislation€may€impact€a€court€case€still€pending€(in€the€trialÐ D” Ðcourt€or€on€direct€appeal),€it€may€not€alter€a€final€judgment€in€which€the€appealÏhas€run€its€course.€€Ô‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{Ô(òòId.óó€at€pp.Ô#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{ð“#Ô€226„228.)Ð 2‚ Ðà ` àSimilarly,€ð ð[t]he€California€Constitution€establishes€a€system€of€stateÏgovernment€in€which€power€is€divided€among€three€coequal€branches€(Cal.ÏConst.,€art.€IV,€ðð€1€[legislative€power];€Cal.€Const.,€art.€V,€ðð€1€[executive€power];ÏCal.€Const.,€art.€VI,€ðð€1€[judicial€power]),€and€further€states€that€those€chargedÏwith€the€exercise€of€one€power€may€not€exercise€any€other€(Cal.€Const.,€art.€III,Ïðð€3).ðð€€(òòBunn,€supra,óó€27€Cal.4th€at€p.€14.)€€The€state€separation€of€powersÐ ü!L( Ðdoctrine€is€independent€of€the€federal€doctrine,€but€federal€principles€have€beenÏapplied€in€state€cases.€€The€California€Supreme€Court€adopted€the€reasoning€inÐ ê$: , ÐòòPlaut,€supra,óó€514€U.S.€211€as€ð ðboth€consistent€with€California€law€andÐ a&±!. Ðpersuasive€for€state€separation€of€powers€purposes.ðð€€Ô‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{Ô(òòId.óó€at€p.Ô#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{×#Ô€5.)€€Ð Ø'(#0 Ðà ` àIn€òòBunnóó€and€the€companion€case€of€òòPeople€v.€Kingóó€(2002)€27€Cal.4th€29,Ð O)Ÿ$2 Ðthe€defendants€were€charged€with€certain€sex€offenses.€€The€cases€wereÐ Æ*&4 Ðdismissed€because€the€statute€of€limitations€had€expired.€€After€their€judgmentsÏbecame€final,€the€Legislature€passed€Ô‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{ÔPenal€Code€sectionÔ#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{t™#Ô€803,€Ô‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{ÔsubdivisionÔ#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{Ι#Ô€(g)Ð 'w Ð(now€Ô‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{ÔsubdivisionÔ#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{9š#Ô€(f))€which€at€the€time€permitted€reviving€the€prosecution€forÐ žî Ðcertain€sex€crimes.€€The€California€Supreme€Court€held€the€statute€cannot€beÏused€to€revive€cases€in€which€there€was€already€a€final€judgment.€€(òòBunn,€supra,Ð Œ Ü Ðóó27€Cal.4th€at€pp.€22„23;€òòKing,€supra,€óóat€p.€31;€see€also€òòPerez€v.€Roe€1óó€(2006)Ð  S  Ð146€Cal.App.4th€171,€183€[statute€reviving€tort€claims€for€molestation€could€notÏapply€to€a€case€which€had€been€dismissed].)Ìà ` àIn€òòMandel€v.€Myersóó€(1981)€29€Cal.3d€531,€a€court€entered€a€judgmentÐ h¸  Ðfor€attorney€fees€payable€by€the€state€to€the€other€party.€€The€Legislature€reactedÏby€passing€legislation€preventing€the€appropriation€of€funds€to€satisfy€theÏjudgment.€€The€California€Supreme€Court€held€the€legislation€violated€the€state'sÏseparation€of€powers€doctrine.€€Since€there€was€a€final€judgment€and€money€wasÏalready€appropriated€which€could€pay€for€it,€the€Legislature€could€not€alter€theÏeffects€of€the€judgment.€€Ô‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{Ô(òòId.óó€at€pp.Ô#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{“ž#Ô€545„549.)€€ð ðJust€as€the€courts€may€notÐ 2‚ Ðreevaluate€the€wisdom€or€merits€of€statutes€which€have€secured€final€passage€byÏthe€Legislature,€the€Legislature€enjoys€no€constitutional€prerogative€to€disregardÏthe€authority€of€final€court€judgments€resolving€specific€controversies€withinÏthe€judiciary's€domain.ðð€€Ô‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{Ô(òòId.óó€at€p.Ô#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{4 #Ô€547.)€Ð ^$ Ðà ` àHere,€the€government€sought€to€convert€retroactively€Montague's€2002Ïjudgment€of€the€initial€two„year€commitment.€€This€court€affirmed€the€judgmentÏin€2004,€and€the€remittitur€was€issued€on€April€1,€2004.€€(òòPeople€v.€MontagueóóÐ s#Ã* Ð(Jan.€13,€2004,€H025204)€[nonpub.€opn.].)€€It€has€been€a€final€judgment€for€threeÏyears.€€The€government€also€sought€to€convert€retroactively€De€Sade's€2005Ïjudgment€of€the€initial€two„year€commitment€entered€on€May€2,€2005.€€The€timeÏfor€appealing€expired€on€July€1,€2005.€€It€became€a€final€judgment.Ìà ` àEven€if€the€2006€amendments€to€sections€6604€and€6604.1€wereÐ Æ*&4 Ðintended€to€apply€retroactively,€the€Legislative€and€Executive€Branches€lackedÏthe€power€to€modify€the€final€judgments.€ÌÓ€Óà ` àà ¸ àò ò2.à0  àLegislation€which€singles€out€a€class€of€people€forÐ žî Ðretroactive€application€constitutes€an€impermissibleÏbill€of€attainder.ó óÐ’ âÐ Ð  ÐÓ€¯£ÓÓ€€ÓÌÓ€€±¤Óà ` àAgain,€according€to€the€government,€the€Legislature€and€the€voters€haveÏalready€converted€the€initial€two€year€commitments€of€those€committed€underÏthe€SVP€Act€to€be€indeterminate€terms€without€the€requirement€of€a€judicialÏhearing.€€(Mont.€CT€93;€Sade€CT€24.)€€Under€the€bill€of€attainder€clause€of€theÏUnited€States€Constitution€(art.€I,€ðð€10;€also€Cal.€Const.,€art.€I,€€9),€theÏLegislature€and€the€electorate€lacked€the€authority€to€take€a€class€of€people€andÏadjudge€them€qualified€for€indeterminate€terms€without€proper€judicial€process.€Ìà ` àAlthough€there€was€not€an€objection€on€this€ground,€the€constitutionalÏissue€is€a€pure€issue€of€law€and€can€be€reviewed€on€the€undisputed€facts;€thus,€theÏissue€is€appropriately€before€this€court.€€(òòHale€v.€Morganóó€(1978)€22€Cal.3dÐ 8ˆ Ð388,€394€€[ð ða€litigant€may€raise€for€the€first€time€on€appeal€a€pure€question€ofÏlaw€which€is€presented€by€undisputed€facts.ðð].)€Ìà ` àOriginally,€a€bill€of€attainder€was€a€bill€passed€by€the€English€parliamentÏsentencing€an€individual€to€death€and€usually€disinheriting€the€prospective€heirs.€Ï(See€òòUnited€States€v.€Brownóó€(1965)€381€U.S.€437,€441„442.)€€The€parliamentÐ ‹Û$ Ðalso€passed€bills€of€pain€and€penalties€which€sentenced€individuals€to€lesserÏpunishments.€€Ô‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{Ô(òòId.óó€at€pp.Ô#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{ ª#ÔÔ‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{Ô€441„442;€see€also€òòFletcher€v.€Peckóó€(1810)€10€U.S.€(6Ð y"É( ÐCranch)€87,€138€(opn.€of€Marshall,€C.J.).)€€òòóóÔ#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{^ª#ÔAll€of€the€colonies,€as€well€as€theÐ ð#@* Ðfederal€government,€prohibited€bills€of€attainder€in€their€constitutions.€Ô‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{Ô(òòId.óó€at€p.Ô#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{¤«#ÔÐ g%· , Ð442.)€€The€Supreme€Court€concluded€the€bill€of€attainder€clause€was€not€meantÏto€apply€narrowly€to€legislative€death€sentences,€ð ðrather€[it€was]€as€anÏimplementation€of€the€separation€of€powers,€a€general€safeguard€againstÏlegislative€exercise€of€the€judicial€function,€Ô% ‡Š ÔÔ%†Š­Ôor€more€simply€ð!ð€trial€byÐ C+“&4 Ðlegislature.ðð€€Ô‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{Ô(òòId.óó€at€p.Ô#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{}­#Ô€442.)€€Ð ° Ðà ` àThe€bill€of€attainder€clause€also€applies€to€classes€of€individuals.€Ïð ð[L]egislative€acts,€no€matter€their€form,€that€apply€either€to€named€individualsÏor€to€easily€ascertainable€members€of€a€group€in€such€a€way€as€to€inflictÏpunishment€on€them€without€a€judicial€trial€are€bills€of€attainder€prohibited€byÏthe€Constitution.ðð€€(òòBrown,€supra,óó€at€381€U.S.€pp.€448„449,€citation€omitted.)Ð  S  Ðà ` àThe€bill€of€attainder€clause€applies€to€ð ðpunishment.ðð€€(òòBrown,€supra,óó€381Ð z Ê  ÐU.S.at€pp.€447„448.)€€Punishment€in€this€context,€however,€is€broader€than€theÏterm€is€used€for€the€ex€post€facto€clause€or€double€jeopardy€clause:ÌÓ€Óà8 ` àHistorical€considerations€by€no€means€compel€restriction€of€theÏbill€of€attainder€ban€to€instances€of€retribution.€€A€number€ofÏEnglish€bills€of€attainder€were€enacted€for€preventative€purposesÏð!ð€that€is,€the€legislature€made€a€judgment,€undoubtedly€basedÏlargely€on€past€acts€and€associations€Ô‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{Ô...Ô#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{ì±#Ô€.€that€a€given€person€orÐ Ç Ðgroup€was€likely€to€cause€trouble€(usually,€overthrow€theÏgovernment)€and€therefore€inflicted€deprivations€upon€that€personÏor€group€in€order€to€keep€it€from€bringing€about€the€feared€eventÐ ` x` x ÐÓ€¥°ÓÓ€€ÓÌÓ€€K³ÓÔ‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{Ô(òòId.óó€at€p.Ô#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{t³#Ô€497.)€€The€constitutional€ban€on€bills€of€attainder€rendered€invalidÐ ,| Ðlegislation€prohibiting€Communists€and€former€Communists€from€participatingÏin€trade€unions.€€Ô‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{Ô(òòId.óó€at€pp.Ô#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{~´#Ô€€449„450;€see€also€òòUnited€States€v.€Lovettóó€(1946)Ð j Ð328€U.S.303,€313„318€[an€act€of€Congress€cutting€off€appropriations€for€threeÏgovernment€employees€declared€to€be€ð ðsubversivesðð€was€an€unconstitutional€billÏof€attainder].)€€It€rendered€invalid€legislation€prohibiting€former€ConfederateÏpartisans€from€becoming€priests€(òòCummings€v.€Missourióó€(1867)€71€U.S.€277,Ð ö"F' Ð322„330)€or€from€becoming€attorneys€practicing€in€federal€court€(òòEx€ParteÐ m$½) ÐGarlandóó€(1867)€71€U.S.€333,€374„381).€Ð ä%4!+ Ðà ` àIf€sections€6604€and€6604.1€applied€retroactively,€the€effect€would€beÏto€incarcerate€for€life€a€class€of€people€who€had€a€two„year€commitment.€€EvenÏif€a€court€now€has€the€authority€to€render€a€new€indeterminate€term€after€properÏjudicial€proceedings,€there€was€never€a€court€judgment€committing€appellantsÐ À+'3 Ðand€other€current€SVP€patients€to€indeterminate€terms€€(other€than€the€courtÏstating€what€the€Legislature€and€electorate€decided).€€The€Legislature€and€theÏelectorate€lacked€the€constitutional€authority€to€take€a€class€of€people€andÏadjudge€them€qualified€for€indeterminate€terms€without€proper€judicial€process.Ìò òÓ€Óà ` àà ¸ à3.à0  àRetroactive€deprivation€of€a€liberty€interest€violatesÐ Œ Ü Ðdue€process.Ð Ð Ð  Ðó óÓ€¥¹ÓÓ€€ÓÌÓ€€dºÓà ` àRetroactively€extending€appellants'€initial€commitments€violated€dueÏprocess€because,€at€the€time€of€the€court€order,€there€did€not€exist€aÏcommitment€to€modify.€€Montague's€initial€2002€commitment€expired€inÏOctober€2004.€€His€most€recent€commitment€extension€expired€in€OctoberÏ2006.€€(See€Mont.€CT€2.)€€De€Sade's€initial€2005€commitment€expired€on€MayÏ2,€2007.€€On€June€1,€2007,€the€court€purported€to€convert€existing€commitmentsÏfrom€two„year€commitments€to€be€indeterminate€terms.€€(Mont.€CT€224;€SadeÏCT€158.)€€But€by€June€2007,€appellants€were€not€serving€their€SVPÏcommitments.€€As€appellants€pointed€out€in€the€court€€below€(Sade€83,€87„90;ÏHow€RT€167,€177€[joining€in€De€Sade's€arguments]),€no€commitment€existed€forÏthe€court€to€convert€to€indeterminate€terms.Ìà ` àA€fundamental€principle€in€the€United€States€is€that€the€people€areÏpresumed€to€be€free.€€The€government€cannot€take€away€a€person's€freedomÏwithout€sufficient€legal€cause€and€without€following€proper€procedures.€€ð ðIn€ourÏsociety€liberty€is€the€norm€Ô‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{Ô...Ô#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{§¾#Ô€.ðð€€(òòUnited€States€v.€Salernoóó€(1987)€481€U.S.Ð !Ï' Ð739,€755.)€€ð ð[T]he€right€to€be€free€from€Government€confinement€Ô‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{Ô...Ô#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{}¿#Ô€is€the€veryÐ ö"F) Ðessence€of€the€liberty€protected€by€the€Due€Process€Clause.ðð€€(òòReno€v.€FloresóóÐ m$½+ Ð(1993)€507€U.S.€292,€346;€see€also€òòÔ#†Xt¦X‹ŠJ{Ú#ÔÔ‡ˆJ{‹XXt¦ÔÔ‡ ˆJ{‹‹ˆJ{ÔOððConnor€v.€Donaldsonóó€(1975)€422€U.S.Ð ä%4!- Ð563,€580€[ð ðconfinement€of€an€individual€for€any€reason,€is€a€deprivation€ofÏliberty€which€the€state€cannot€accomplish€without€due€process€of€lawðð];ÏòòSundance€v.€Municipal€Courtóó€(1986)42€Cal.3d€1101,€1150.)€Ô#†ˆJ{‹‹ ˆJ{¸À#ÔÔ#†Xt¦X‹ˆJ{™À#ÔÔ‡ŠJ{‹XXt¦ÔÐ I*™%3 ÐÔ‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{ÔÔ#† Xt¦X‹ ŠJ{7Â#ÔÔ‡ ˆJ{‹X Xt¦Ôà ` àÔ#†ˆJ{‹‹ ˆJ{kÂ#ÔÔ‡ ˆJ{‹‹ˆJ{ÔThis€principle€applies€in€civil€commitments.€€Ô#†ˆJ{‹‹ ˆJ{ûÂ#ÔÔ#†Xt¦X‹ˆJ{­Â#ÔÔ‡ Xt¦XXXt¦ÔÔ‡ ˆJ{‹X Xt¦Ô€ð ð[F]reedom€from€physicalÐ À+'5 Ðrestraint€ððhas€always€been€at€the€core€of€the€liberty€protected€by€the€Due€ProcessÏClause€from€arbitrary€government€action.ðððð€(òòKansas€v.€Hendricks€óó(1997)€521Ð 'w ÐU.S.346,€356,€quoting€òòÔ#†ˆJ{‹‹ ˆJ{ŽÃ#ÔÔ#†Xt¦X‹ˆJ{­Ã#ÔÔ‡ŠJ{‹XXt¦ÔFoucha€v.€Louisianaóó€(1992)€504€U.S.€71,€òòóó80.)Ô#†Xt¦X‹ŠJ{Å#ÔÔ‡ˆJ{‹XXt¦ÔÔ‡ ˆJ{‹‹ˆJ{ÔÐ žî Ðà ` àAccordingly,€under€the€Fourteenth€Amendment,€when€a€person€isÏdetained€for€psychiatric€reasons,€he€or€she€must€be€granted€a€hearing€before€anÏimpartial€hearing€officer€within€a€reasonable€time.€€(òòProject€Release€v.€PrevostóóÐ  S  Ð(2d€Cir.€1983)€722€F.2d€960,€975;€òòDoe€v.€Gallinotóó€(9th€Cir.€1981)657€F.2dÐ z Ê  Ð1017,€1021„1025.)€€The€patient€must€be€provided€a€court€hearing€within€aÏreasonable€time€for€any€extended€involuntary€commitment.€€(òòZinermon€v.€BurchóóÐ h¸  Ð(1990)€494€U.S.113,136„138;€òòSpecht€v.€Patterson€óó(1967)€386€U.S.€605,Ð ß/  Ð610.)€€When€the€commitment€terminates,€the€state€has€no€authority€to€hold€theÏpatient,€and€he€or€she€must€be€released.€€(òòMcNeil€v.€Director,€PatuxentÐ Í ÐInstitutionóó€(1972)€407€U.S.€245,€246,€252.)€€Ô#†ˆJ{‹‹ ˆJ{µÅ#ÔÔ#†Xt¦X‹ˆJ{–Å#ÔÔ‡ˆJ{‹XXt¦ÔÔ‡ ˆJ{‹‹ˆJ{ÔThe€same€rights€to€due€process€isÐ D” Ðfound€in€the€California€Constitution€at€article€I,€section€7.ÌÔ#†ˆJ{‹‹ ˆJ{¦É#ÔÔ#†Xt¦X‹ˆJ{‡É#ÔÔ‡ŠJ{‹XXt¦Ôà ` àThe€United€States€Constitution€might€not€require€that€involuntaryÐ 2‚ Ðcommitments€be€limited€to€two€years.€€However,€when€the€state€law€provides€forÏan€involuntarily€commitment€of€two€years,€it€creates€a€liberty€interest€that€theÏperson€would€be€released€after€two€years€unless€the€state€can€again€show€theÏnecessity€for€a€new€commitment.€€The€failure€to€release€the€person€at€the€endÏof€this€period€without€sufficient€showing€violates€due€process.€€(òòMcNeil,€supra,Ð … Õ& Ðóó407€U.S.€at€pp.€246,€252.)€Ð ü!L( Ðà ` àòòWolff€v.€McDonnellóó€(1974)€418€U.S.539€is€illustrative.€€In€that€case,€aÐ s#Ã* Ðstate€prisoner€earned€conduct€credits.€€The€state€of€Nebraska€rescinded€theÏcredits€without€an€adequate€hearing.€€The€United€States€Supreme€Court€held€thatÏalthough€the€federal€Constitution€did€not€entitle€a€prisoner€to€conduct€credits,Ïthe€conduct€credits€affected€when€a€prisoner€would€be€released.€€The€state€couldÏnot€set€a€release€date,€based€on€the€conduct€credits,€and€then€extend€the€releaseÐ Æ*&4 Ðdate€by€rescinding€the€conduct€credits€without€a€sufficient€hearing.€Ó€ÓÔ‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{Ô(òòId.óó€at€p.Ô#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{@Ï#ÔÐ ° Ð557.)Ó€.ÏÓÌà ` àAnalogously,€in€òòMarriage€of€Buolóó€(1985)€39€Cal.3d€751,€a€new€statute€Ð !q Ðchanged€from€separate€property€to€community€property€held€jointly€by€a€husbandÏand€wife.€€The€court€held€the€statute€could€not€be€applied€retroactively€becauseÏit€would€deprive€people€of€a€property€right€without€due€process€of€law.€€Ô‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{Ô(òòId.óó€atÐ † Ö  Ðp.Ô#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{Ñ#Ô€757.)€€ð ðWe€have€long€held€that€the€retrospective€application€of€a€statute€mayÐ ý M  Ðbe€unconstitutional€if€it€is€an€ex€post€facto€law,€if€it€deprives€a€person€of€a€vestedÏright€without€due€process€of€law,€or€if€it€impairs€the€obligation€of€a€contract.ðð€ÏÔ‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{Ô(òòId.óó€at€p.Ô#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{‘Ò#Ô€756.)Ð b²  Ðà ` àWhen€appellants€were€last€committed,€the€law€required€that€ð ðthe€personÏshall€not€be€kept€in€actual€custody€longer€than€two€years€unless€a€subsequentÏextended€commitment€is€obtained€from€the€court€incident€to€the€filing€of€aÏpetition€for€extended€commitment€Ô‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{Ô...Ô#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{Ô#Ô€.€ðð€€(Former€ðð€6604.)€€Ô#†Xt¦X‹ŠJ{Ê#ÔÔ‡ˆJ{‹XXt¦ÔÔ‡ ˆJ{‹‹ˆJ{ÔBy€early€2007,Ð >Ž Ðappellants€finished€their€two€year€commitments.€€The€commitments€no€longerÏexisted.€€At€this€point,€their€liberty€was€not€subject€to€the€pleasure€of€the€state.€ÏThe€government€Ô#†ˆJ{‹‹ ˆJ{µÔ#ÔÔ#†Xt¦X‹ˆJ{–Ô#ÔÔ‡ŠJ{‹XXt¦Ôwas€òòrequiredóó€to€release€them€unless€it€initiated€òònewóóÐ £ó Ðproceedings€to€justify€their€confinement.€€The€government€never€proved€beyondÏa€reasonable€doubt€they€qualified€for€recommitments.€€It€could€not€retroactivelyÏdeprive€them€of€their€liberty€interests€without€the€benefit€of€a€new€hearing€inÏwhich€it€was€required€to€show€they€still€qualified€for€commitment.Ìò òÓ€Óà ` àà ¸ à4.à0  àRetroactively€modifying€the€initial€commitment€to€anÐ ö"F) Ðindeterminate€term€violated€the€right€to€notice.Ð Ð Ð  Ðó óÓ€–×ÓÓ€€ÓÌÓ€€wØÓà ` àDe€Sade€had€a€right€to€appeal€his€2005€commitment€but€did€not,€as€heÏunderstood€the€commitment€was€for€only€two€years.€€The€due€process€clause€ofÏthe€Fourteenth€Amendment€requires€that€a€defendant€be€given€notice€of€theÏconsequences€of€a€judicial€proceeding.€€(òòLambert€v.€California€óó(1957)€355Ð Ì)%2 ÐU.S.225,€228€[a€person€charged€with€failing€to€register€must€be€on€notice€of€theÐ C+“&4 Ðrequirement];€òòLankford€v.€Idahoóó€(1991)€500€U.S.€110,125„126€[a€defendantÐ ° Ðmust€receive€notice€that€the€crime€could€be€punished€with€death€before€receivingÏa€death€sentence].)€€Ìà ` àDe€Sade€did€assert€that€the€statute€should€not€apply€retrospectively.€€TheÏpurpose€of€the€rule€against€retrospective€application€of€statutes€ð ðis€that€theÏparties€affected€have€no€notice€of€the€new€law€affecting€past€conduct.ðð€€(òòRioÐ  S  ÐLinda,€supra,óó€131€Cal.App.4th€at€p.€528.)€€Because€the€trial€court€necessarilyÐ z Ê  Ðconsidered€the€lack€of€notice€as€part€of€the€retroactivity€claim,€the€issue€isÏproperly€before€this€court.€€(See,€e.g.,€òòPeople€v.€Ô‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{ÔSuperior€CourtÔ#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{Ý#Ô€(Nasmeh)óóÐ h¸  Ð(2007)151€Cal.App.4th€85,€94.)€€Furthermore,€this€is€a€pure€question€of€lawÏbased€on€the€undisputed€facts,€so€appellate€review€is€appropriate.€€(òòHale,€supra,Ð V¦ Ðóó22€Cal.3d€at€p.€394.)€Ð Í Ðà ` àð ðFair€notice€[is]€the€bedrock€of€any€constitutionally€fair€procedureðð€ÏÔ‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{Ô(òòLankford,€supra,óó€500€U.S.at€p.Ô#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{ÇÞ#Ô€121.)€€ð ðIn€a€variety€of€contexts,€our€cases€haveÐ »  Ðrepeatedly€emphasized€the€importance€of€giving€the€parties€sufficient€notice€toÏenable€them€to€identify€the€issues€on€which€a€decision€may€turn.ðð€€Ô‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{Ô(òòId.óó€at€p.Ô#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{à#Ô€126,Ð ©ù Ðfn.€22.)€Ìà ` àDe€Sade€was€denied€due€process€because€he€failed€to€receive€notice€thatÏhis€2005€would€result€in€an€indeterminate€term.€€The€lack€of€notice€prejudicedÏhim.€€With€the€understanding€that€his€initial€commitment€was€only€two€yearsÏlong,€he€waived€his€right€to€appeal.€€Little€did€he€realize€that€was€his€only€chanceÏto€contest€whether€the€government€legally€proved€he€suffered€from€a€mentalÏillness€which€rendered€him€an€unacceptable€risk€to€society.€€Because€theÏgovernment€failed€to€provide€adequate€notice,€the€order€converting€De€Sade'sÏcommitment€to€an€indeterminate€term€must€be€reversed.Ìò òÓ€Ó€à ` àD.à0 ¸ àIndeterminate€SVP€Commitments€Violate€Due€Process,Ð O)Ÿ$2 ÐEqual€Protection,€Ex€Post€Facto€and€Double€JeopardyÏProvisions€of€the€State€and€Federal€Constitution.ÐC+“&4¸ Ð ¸ Ð  Їó óÓ€ââÓÔ‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{Ôà ` àAgain,€to€the€extent€the€statutory€language€is€ambiguous,€it€should€beÐ ° Ðconstrued€to€avoid€applying€it€retrospectively€because€šÔ#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{ôã#Ôð ðconstitutionally€doubtfulÐ 'w Ðinterpretations€should€be€avoided.ðð€€(òòJones,€supra,€óó529€U.S.€at€p.€851;€accord,Ð žî ÐòòHernandez,€supra,€óó30€Cal.4that€p.€868;€òòDoe,€supra,€óó476€F.Supp.2dÔ‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{Ô€at€p.€1181.)Ô#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{Áå#ÔÔ‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{ԀР e ÐIf€the€amendments€to€the€SVP€Act€were€to€be€applied€retroactively,€appellants'Ïcommitments€would€be€unconstitutional€because€the€SVP€Act,€as€amended,€nowÏviolates€the€due€process,€equal€protection,€ex€post€facto,€and€double€jeopardyÏclauses€of€the€state€and€federal€constitutions.ò òó óÔ#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{æ#Ô€€šThe€issue€of€whether€the€ordersÐ ñA  Ðrun€afoul€of€a€constitutional€right€is€purely€a€question€of€law,€and€it€is€thusÏreviewed€it€de€novo.€€(òòFiske,€supra,€óó274€U.S.at€pp.€€385„386;€òòDVD€CopyÐ ß/  ÐControl€Assn.,€supra,€óó31€Cal.4that€pp.€€889„890šòòóó.)òòóó€òòóóÐ V¦ ÐÌÌÓ€Óà ` àà ¸ àò ò1.à0  àThe€SVP€Act,€as€amended,€violates€the€due€processÐ »  Ðclause€because€it€provides€insufficient€means€ofÏensuring€release€of€people€who€are€no€longerÏdangerous€due€to€their€mental€conditions.ó óÓ€ÒèÓЩùÐ Ð  Ðà ` àAppellants€argued€below€the€SVP€Act€as€amended€violates€due€processÏunder€the€federal€and€state€constitutions€because€it€provided€an€inadequateÏmeans€for€releasing€people€who€no€longer€qualify€for€confinement.€€(Mont.€CTÏ180„182,€184„188;€Sade€CT€76„80.)€€The€government€argued€the€remainingÏprocedures€were€adequate.€€(Mont.€CT€108„122;€Sade€CT€39„53,€108„116.)Ìà ` àUnder€the€due€process€clause€of€the€Fourteenth€Amendment€to€theÏUnited€States€Constitution,€as€well€as€article€I,€section€7€of€the€CaliforniaÏConstitution,€ð ðthe€State€has€no€interest€in€confining€individuals€involuntarily€ifÏthey€are€not€mentally€ill€or€if€they€do€not€pose€some€danger€to€themselves€orÏothers.ðð€€(òòAddington€v.€Texasóó€(1979)€441€U.S.418,€426.)€€Thus,€a€commitmentÐ O)Ÿ$1 Ðscheme€must€include€adequate€safeguards€to€ensure€that€a€person€does€notÐ Æ*&3 Ðremain€in€custody€if€he€or€she€is€no€longer€mentally€ill€such€that€he€or€she€posesÏan€unacceptable€danger€to€society.€€(See€also€òòÔ‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{ÔJackson€v.€Indiana€óó(1942)€406Ð 'w ÐU.S.€715,€731„737€[the€state€cannot€confine€an€incompetent€criminal€defendant,Ïwho€will€not€become€competent€in€the€foreseeable€future,€without€a€showing€hisÏmental€illness€caused€him€to€pose€an€unacceptable€risk€to€the€public].)Ô#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{î#ԀРŒ Ü Ðà ` àOriginally,€the€SVP€Act€was€ð ðdesigned€to€ensure€that€the€committedÏperson€does€not€'remain€confined€any€longer€than€he€suffers€from€a€mentalÏabnormality€rendering€him€unable€to€control€his€dangerousness'€ðð€because€ð ðeachÏperiod€of€commitment€is€strictly€limited€and€cannot€be€extended€unless€the€stateÏfiles€a€new€petition€and€again€proves,€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt,€that€the€personÏis€dangerous€and€mentally€impaired.€€([Former]€ðð€6604.)ðð€€(òòHubbart€v.€Ô‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{ÔSuperiorÐ V¦ ÐCourtÔ#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{gñ#Ô€óó(1999)€19€Cal.€4th€1138,€1177.)€€The€California€Supreme€Court€found€theÐ Í Ðoriginal€SVP€Act€was€not€punitive€and€complied€with€due€process€becauseÏinvoluntary€ð ð[c]ommitment€and€treatment€are€proper€under€the€[original]€ActÏonly€so€long€as€the€person€is€both€mentally€disordered€and€dangerous.€€To€thisÏend,€the€maximum€length€of€each€commitment€is€relatively€brief€ð!ð€two€years.ðð€ÏÔ‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{Ô(òòId.óó€at€pp.Ô#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{eó#Ô€1166„1167.)Ð  p  Ðà ` àð ðThis€requirement€for€what€is€essentially€a€new€determination€of€SVPÏstatus€every€two€years€arises€from€the€logical€and€constitutional€requirementÏthat€any€SVP€commitment€be€based€on€a€òòcurrentlyóó€diagnosed€mental€disorderÐ … Õ& Ðwhich€makes€it€likely€the€person€will€engage€in€sexually€violent€criminalÏbehavior.ðð€€(òòMunoz,€supra,€óó129€Cal.App.4th€at€p.€Ô‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{Ô430,€emphasis€in€original.)€Ô#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{cõ#ÔÐ s#Ã* Ðà ` àAs€this€court€explained,€it€was€ð ð€ððthe€intent€of€the€Legislature€that€theseÐ ê$: , Ðindividuals€be€committed€and€treated€for€their€disorders€òòonly€as€long€as€theÐ a&±!. Ðdisorders€persist€and€not€for€any€punitive€purpose.ðð€óóðð€€(òòLitmon€v.€Ô‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{ÔSuperiorÐ Ø'(#0 ÐCourtÔ#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{ûö#Ô€óó(2004)123€Cal.App.4th€1156,€1169,€emphasis€in€original,€quoting€Stats.Ð O)Ÿ$2 Ð1995,€ch.€762,€ðð1.)€€ð ðThe€main€procedural€mechanism€through€which€theÐ Æ*&4 ÐLegislature's€intent€[was]€realized€[was]€the€provision€of€a€trial€every€two€yearsÏto€ascertain€the€committed€person's€òòcurrentóó€mental€condition.ðð€€Ô‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{Ô(òòIbid.óó,€emphasisÐ 'w Ðin€original.)Ô#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{¼ø#ԀРžî Ѐà ` àAs€amended,€the€SVP€Act€no€longer€requires€the€government€to€proveÐ  e Ðperiodically€that€the€person€poses€an€unreasonable€danger€due€to€a€mentalÏdisorder.€€Instead,€it€is€the€committed€person's€burden€to€show€by€theÏpreponderance€of€the€evidence€that€his€condition€has€ð ðso€changedðð€€that€releaseÏwould€not€endanger€the€safety€of€others.Ìà ` àThe€Department€of€Mental€Health€is€required€to€examine€annually€theÏperson€committed€under€the€Act€and€file€a€report€with€the€court.€€(ðð€6605,€subd.Ï(a).)€€One€committed€under€the€Act€has€the€right€to€retain€an€expert€or,€ifÏindigent,€have€one€appointed€to€examine€him€or€her€and€review€the€medicalÏrecords.€€Ô‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{Ô(òòIbid.óó)Ô#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{ü#Ô€€A€person€committed€under€the€Act€may€petition€the€court€forÐ D” Ðrelease€if€the€Department€agrees€the€person€no€longer€meets€the€criteria€forÏconfinement€under€the€SVP€Act.€€(ðð€6605.€subd.€(b).)€€The€trial€court€must€setÏan€order€to€show€cause€hearing.€€Ô‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{Ô(òòIbid.óó)Ô#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{eý#Ô€€The€court€must€determine€whetherÐ ©ù Ðprobable€cause€exists€to€believe€the€person's€diagnosed€mental€disorder€has€ð ðsoÏchangedðð€that€ð ðhe€or€she€is€not€a€danger€to€the€health€and€safety€of€others€and€notÏlikely€to€engage[€]€in€sexually€violent€criminal€behavior,€if€discharged€Ô‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{Ô...Ô#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{áþ#Ô€.€ðð€€(ððÐ ^$ Ð6605,€subds.€(b)€&€(c).)€€If€so,€the€court€must€order€a€hearing€on€the€merits.€ÏÔ‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{Ô(òòIbid.óó)Ô#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{›ÿ#Ô€€The€Department€must€prove€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt€that€continuedÐ ü!L( Ðconfinement€is€necessary.€€(ðð€6605,€subd.€(d).)€€The€petitioner€must€beÏunconditionally€released€if€the€Department€is€unable€to€carry€its€burden.€Ô‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{Ô€(ððÐ ê$: , Ð6605,€subd.€(e).)€€òòóóÔ#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{Ø#ÔAlternatively,€the€Department€may€file€the€petition€for€theÐ a&±!. Ðrelease€under€the€procedures€set€forth€in€section€7250.€€(ðð6605,€subd.€(f).)€Ìà ` àAmended€section€6608€governs€petitions€by€patients€for€release€withoutÏthe€agreement€of€the€Department.€€However,€before€the€matter€proceeds,€theÐ Æ*&4 Ðcourt€must€determine€if€the€petition€is€ð ðfrivolous.ðð€€(ðð€6608,€subd.€(a).)€€If€theÏcourt€determines€the€petition€is€not€ð ðfrivolous,ðð€it€shall€hold€a€hearing€on€theÏmerits,€where€the€petitioner€bears€the€burden€of€proving€he€or€she€would€not€beÏa€danger€to€others.€€(ðð€6608,€subds.€(d)€&€(i).)€€The€Department€is€supposed€toÏrecommend€to€the€court€that€the€person€be€released€if€it€believes€he€no€longerÏqualifies.€€(ðð€6607,€subd.€(a).)Ìà ` àThe€approaches€that€now€permit€release€of€one€committed€under€the€SVPÏAct€are€constitutionally€inadequate.€€Under€section€6605,€a€person€cannot€fileÏthe€petition€unless€the€Department€ð ðauthorize[s]ðð€it.€€(ðð€6605,€subd.€(b).)€€UnderÏsection€6608,€the€person€can€file€a€petition€without€the€Department's€agreement,Ïbut€the€Act€now€shifts€the€burden€on€the€individual€to€prove€release€isÏappropriate.€€The€person€will€remain€incarcerated€until€it€is€proven€the€person'sÏcondition€has€ð ðso€changedðð€that€the€person€no€longer€meets€the€definition€of€aÏsexually€violent€predator€€(ðððð6605,€subd.€(d),€6608,€subd.€(d).)€€If€it€is€notÏshown€the€person's€condition€has€not€significantly€changed,€he€or€she€cannotÏeven€receive€a€contested€hearing€on€the€merits;€instead,€the€court€is€required€toÏsummarily€dismiss€the€petition.€€(ðððð€6605,€subd.€(b),€6608,€subd.€(a).)€ÌÔ‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{Ôà ` àShifting€the€burden€of€proof€significantly€increases€the€risk€of€error.€Ð —ç" ÐÔ#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{ì#ÔÔ‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{Ôð ðThe€standard€serves€to€allocate€the€risk€of€error€between€the€litigants€and€toÐ ^$ Ðindicate€the€relative€importance€attached€to€the€ultimate€decision.ðð€€(òòAddington,Ð … Õ& Ðsupra,€óó441€U.S.€at€p.€423Ô#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{—#ÔÔ‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{Ô.)Ô#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{È #Ô€€To€confine€someone€for€being€mentally€ill,€dueÐ ü!L( Ðprocess€requires€the€state€to€prove€by€at€least€clear€and€convincing€evidence€thatÏthe€person€is€mentally€ill€and€dangerous.€€Ô‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{Ô(òòId.óó€at€pp.Ô#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{Ï #Ô€426„427;€òòFoucha,€supra,óóÐ ê$: , Ð504€U.S.at€pp.€80„82.)€€Because€California's€scheme€no€longer€requires€theÏgovernment€to€prove€periodically€by€at€least€clear€and€convincing€evidenceÏcurrent€dangerousness,€the€scheme€violates€due€process.Ìà ` àThe€governmentððs€reliance€on€òòJones€v.€United€States€óó(1983)€463€U.S.Ð Æ*&4 Ð354€(Mont.€CT€118„119;€Sade€CT€49„50)€was€misplaced.€€The€Court€said€thatÏa€defendant€found€not€guilty€by€reason€of€insanity€(NGI)€can€be€held€until€theÏsentence€would€have€been€completed€had€he€or€she€been€found€guilty,€and€theÏdefendant€could€be€burdened€with€proving€he€or€she€is€no€longer€a€danger€toÏsociety€due€to€mental€illness€in€order€to€be€released€earlier.€€Ô‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{Ô(òòId.óó€at€p.Ô#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{#ÔÔ‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{Ô€370.)€€Ô#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{T#ÔTheÐ Œ Ü Ðreason€for€this€is€that€by€entering€an€NGI€€plea,€a€criminal€defendant€voluntarilyÏdemonstrates€a€willingness€to€be€committed€for€the€period€in€lieu€ofÏimprisonment.€Ô‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{Ô(òòId.óó€at€p.Ô#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{\#ÔÔ‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{Ô€Ô#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{®#Ô367.)€€Further,€the€verdict€reflects€ð ð(i)€the€defendantÐ ñA  Ðcommitted€an€act€that€constitutes€a€criminal€offense,€and€(ii)€he€committed€theÏact€because€of€mental€illness.ðð€€Ô‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{Ô(òòId.óó€at€pp.Ô#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{´#Ô€363„364.)€€One€committed€under€theÐ ß/  ÐSVP€Act,€however,€did€not€volunteer€for€the€treatment.€€He€or€she€has€beenÏfound€to€have€committed€a€sex€offense€Ô‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{Ô(ððÔ#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{°#Ô6600,€subd.€(a))€but€has€already€servedÐ Í Ðthe€sentence.€€There€is€no€requirement€under€the€SVP€Act€that€the€predicateÏcrimes€be€committed€because€of€mental€illness.Ìà ` àOnce€an€NGI€defendant€has€completed€the€maximum€potential€sentenceÏfor€the€crimes€he€or€she€committed€while€insane,€the€commitment€can€beÏextended€for€only€two€year€terms€and€only€if€the€government€proves€to€a€juryÏbeyond€a€reasonable€doubt€the€need€for€continued€confinement.€€Ô‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{Ô(Pen.€Code,€ððÔ#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{Ñ#ÔÐ —ç" Ð1026.5,€subd.€(b).)€€Since€one€committed€under€the€SVP€Act€must€haveÏcompleted€the€sentence€for€the€crime,€the€SVP€commitment€is€more€analogousÏto€the€NGI€extension€scheme.€€In€that€situation,€the€government€must€proveÏevery€few€years€the€need€to€confine€the€person.€€Thus,€contrary€to€theÏgovernment's€argument€in€the€superior€court,€the€NGI€scheme€shows€that€dueÏprocess€is€met€by€requiring€the€government€to€prove€periodically€the€continuedÏneed€to€confine€an€SVP€patient.Ìà ` àThe€government€also€claimed€that€the€SVP€Act,€as€amended,€isÏsubstantially€similar€to€the€procedures€recently€enacted€in€other€states.€€(Mont.Ð Æ*&4 ÐCT€117„120,€200„201;€Sade€CT€48„51,€150„153.)€€The€authority€cited€by€theÏgovernment€in€the€superior€court€did€not€assist€it.€€For€example,€recentÏamendments€to€Kansas's€SVP€scheme€made€lifelong€commitments€possible.€Ï(CT€128„129.)€€According€to€the€Supreme€Court€when€it€approved€of€the€KansasÏscheme,€the€statute€complied€with€due€process€in€part€because€the€ð ðcommitmentÏunder€the€Act€is€only€òòpotentiallyóó€indefinite.€€The€maximum€amount€of€time€anÐ  S  Ðindividual€can€be€incapacitated€pursuant€to€a€single€judicial€proceeding€is€oneÏyear.ðð€€(òòHendricks,€supra,€óó521€U.S.€at€p.€364,€emphasis€in€original,€citing€Kan.Ð ñA  ÐStat.€Ann.€ðð€59„29a08.)€€ð ðIf€Kansas€seeks€to€continue€the€detention€beyond€thatÏyear,€a€court€must€once€again€determine€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt€that€theÏdetainee€satisfies€the€same€standards€as€required€for€the€initial€confinement.ðð€ÏÔ‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{Ô(òòIbid.óó)Ô#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{U#Ô€€Even€under€the€recent€amendments,€the€patient€must€be€advised€each€yearÐ Í Ðof€his€right€to€petition€for€release,€the€court€shall€hold€at€least€a€probable€causeÏhearing€unless€there€is€an€affirmative€waiver€of€the€right,€and€when€there€is€aÏpost„commitment€trial,€the€state€bears€the€burden€of€proving€confinement€isÏnecessary€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt,€regardless€of€whether€it€authorizes€theÏpatientððs€petition.€(Kan.€Stat.€Ann.€ðð59„29a08.)€€These€guarantees€are€missingÏfrom€California's€scheme.Ìà ` àThe€right€to€meaningful€annual€judicial€review,€present€in€Kansas€and€inÏother€commitment€schemes€in€California,€is€missing€from€the€SVP€scheme€asÏamended.€€Under€California's€amended€SVP€Act,€one€can€remain€confinedÏindefinitely€without€a€hearing€and€without€the€government€proving€the€need€toÏdo€so.€€It€violates€due€process€to€confine€a€person€purportedly€for€mental€healthÏreasons€when€the€government€does€not€demonstrate€the€person€suffers€from€aÏmental€illness€that€renders€him€or€her€an€unacceptable€risk.€ÌÓ€Óà ` àà ¸ àò ò2.à0  àThe€SVP€Act,€as€amended,€violates€the€equalÐ O)Ÿ$2 Ðprotection€clause€because€it€makes€it€more€difficultÏfor€those€committed€under€the€SVP€Act€to€be€releasedÐ C+“&4 Ðcompared€to€those€committed€under€otherÏcommitment€schemes€in€the€state.Ð Ð Ð  Ðó óÓ€¾ÓÓ€€ÓÌÓ€€/ Óà ` àAppellants€argued€in€the€trial€court€that€the€SVP€Act,€as€amended€violatedÏthe€equal€protection€clause€because€the€Act€is€the€only€commitment€scheme€inÏCalifornia€that€provides€for€an€indeterminate€term€and€require€the€patient€toÏprove€he€or€she€is€no€longer€a€danger€in€order€to€be€released€without€DepartmentÏauthorization.€€(Mont.€CT€188„189;€Sade€CT€101„108.)€€Ìà ` àThe€Fourteenth€Amendment€to€the€United€States€Constitution€providesÏthat€no€state€shall€ð ðdeny€to€any€person€within€its€jurisdiction€Ô% ‡‚ ÔÔ%†‚e"Ôthe€equal€protectionÏof€the€laws.ðð€€(See€also€Cal.€Const.,€art.€I,€ðð€7.)€€ð ðIn€order€to€establish€aÏmeritorious€claim€under€the€equal€protection€provisions€of€our€state€and€federalÏConstitutions€appellants€must€first€show€that€the€state€has€adopted€aÏclassification€that€affects€two€or€more€similarly€situated€groups€in€an€unequalÏmanner.€€[Citation.]€€Equal€protection€applies€to€ensure€that€persons€similarlyÏÔ% ‡„ ÔÔ%†„&$Ôsituated€with€respect€to€the€legitimate€purpose€of€the€law€receive€like€treatment;Ïequal€protection€does€not€require€identical€treatment.€[Citation.].ðð€(òòPeople€v.Ð ,| ÐGriffinóó€(2000)€79€Cal.App.4th€921,€924,€citing€Ô‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{ÔòòHubbart,€supra,óó€19€Cal.4th€atÐ £ó Ðp.Ô#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{3%#Ô€1153,€fn.€20;€òòÔ‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{ÔPeople€v.€Buffingtonóó€(1999)€74€Cal.App.4th1149,€1156.)Ô#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{Á%#ÔÐ j! Ðà ` àWhen€laws€distinguish€people€according€to€suspect€classifications€orÏserve€to€deprive€a€class€of€people€of€fundamental€rights,€the€court€employs€aÏstrict€scrutiny€test.€€(òòHeller€v.€Doeóó€(1993)€509€U.S.€312,€319.)€€The€UnitedÐ !Ï' ÐStates€Supreme€Court€has€recognized€that€ð ðcivil€commitment€for€any€purposeÏconstitutes€a€significant€deprivation€of€liberty€...€.€€ðð€€(òòAddington,€supra,€óó441Ð m$½+ ÐU.S.at€p.€425.)€€Thus,€ð ð[s]trict€scrutiny€is€the€appropriate€standard€against€whichÏto€measure€claims€of€disparate€treatment€in€civil€commitment.ðð€€(òòGriffin,€supra,óóÐ ['«"/ Ð79€Cal.App.4th€at€p.€924,€citing€Ô‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{ÔòòHubbart,€supra,óó€19€Cal.4th€at€p.Ô#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{þ(#Ô€1153,€fn.€20.)òòóóÐ Ò("$1 Ðòòóóð ð[W]hether€the€state€has€a€compelling€Ô‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{ÔÝ‚,ÿÿÿÝòòÝ  ÝóóÝ‚,ÿÞ)e€beÝñÒñóóñÒñÝ  Ýreason€which€justifies€the€law€and€whetherÐ I*™%3 Ðthe€distinctions€drawn€by€the€law€are€necessary€to€further€that€purpose.ðð€€Ô#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{¿)#ÔÔ‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{Ôš(òòPeopleÐ À+'5 Ðv.€Nguyenóó€(1997)€54€Cal.App.4th€705,€716,€quoting€šÝ‚,ÿÿÿÝòòÝ  ÝPeople€v.€OlivasÝ‚,ÿÿÿT+led€ÝóóÝ  Ý€(1976)Ð ° Ð17€Cal.€3d€236,€251.)€Ô#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{ß*#ÔÐ 'w Ðò òó óà ` àUnder€any€test,€the€equal€protection€clause€requires€any€disparateÐ žî Ðtreatment€to€further€the€stateððs€interest.€€ð ðà8 @Ê à[E]ven€in€the€ordinary€equal€protectionÏcase€calling€for€the€most€deferential€of€standards,€we€insist€on€knowing€theÏrelation€between€the€classification€adopted€and€the€object€to€be€attained.€TheÏsearch€for€the€link€between€classification€and€objective€gives€substance€to€theÏEqual€Protection€Clause€Ô‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{Ô...Ô#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{æ-#Ô€.€ðð€€(òòRomer€v.€Evansóó€(1996)€517€U.S.€620,€632.)Ð ñA  Ðà ` àUnder€the€Mentally€Disordered€Offender€(MDO)€Act€Ô‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{Ô(Pen.€Code,€ððÔ#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{¸.#Ô2960Ð h¸  Ðet€seq.),€a€prisoner€nearing€the€end€of€the€prison€sentence€can€be€confined€forÏmental€health€reasons€if€he€has€a€ð ðsevere€mental€disorderðð€that€is€not€inÏremission€(or€cannot€be€kept€in€remission€without€treatment)€which€causes€aÏsubstantial€risk€of€harm€to€others.€€Ô‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{Ô(Pen.€Code,€ððÔ#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{50#Ô€2962.)€€Like€the€SVP€Act,€theÐ D” ÐMDO€Act€is€targeted€to€confine€state€prisoners€who€have€committed€violentÏfelonies,€not€only€sex€offenses€which€could€also€subject€the€prisoner€to€the€SVPÏAct,€but€also€those€who€have€committed€other€violent€crimes.€€Ô‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{Ô(Pen.€Code,€ððÔ#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{“1#ÔÐ ©ù Ð2962,€subd.€(e).)€€The€commitment€is€for€one€year€Ô‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{Ô(Pen.€Code,€ððÔ#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{,2#Ô€2972,€subd.Ð  p  Ð(c)),€but€it€can€be€extended€if€the€state€proves€to€a€jury€beyond€a€reasonableÏdoubt€the€patient€still€suffers€from€a€severe€mental€disorder€which€is€not€inÏremission€or€cannot€be€kept€in€remission,€causing€substantial€danger€of€physicalÏharm€to€others€Ô‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{Ô(Pen.€Code,€ððÔ#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{œ3#Ô€2970,€2972,€subd.€(e)).€Ð ü!L( Ðà ` àThe€one„year€commitment€under€the€MDO€Act€is€consistent€with€otherÏcommitment€schemes€in€California.€€A€commitment€under€the€Lanterman„¼Petris„Short€Act€is€one€year.€€Ô‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{Ô(ððÔ#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{Ï4#Ô€5350.)€€The€commitment€under€the€ExtendedÐ a&±!. ÐDelinquent€Act€is€two€years.€€Ô‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{Ô(ððÔ#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{s5#Ô€1802.)€€The€commitment€for€criminalÐ Ø'(#0 Ðdefendants€found€to€be€incompetent€to€stand€trial€on€a€felony€can€be€no€longerÏthan€three€years.€Ô‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{Ô€(Pen.€Code,€ððððÔ#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{T6#Ô€1370,€subd.€(c)(1),€1370.1,€subd.€(c)(1).)Ð Æ*&4 ÐÔ‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{Ôà ` àAt€the€very€least,€those€committed€under€the€SVP€Act€are€similarlyÐ ° Ðsituated€with€MDO€patients.€€Both€are€prisoners€nearing€the€end€of€their€termsÏwho€are€being€committed€because€a€mental€disorder€renders€them€anÏunacceptable€danger€to€society.€€For€example,€when€Montague€was€nearing€theÏend€of€his€prison€sentence€for€his€1991€convictions€for€lewd€conduct,€heÏqualified€for€Ô#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{ë6#Ôcommitment€under€either€Act.€€the€MDO€Act€and€the€SVP€Act.€Ð  S  ÐSimilarly,€when€De€Sade€was€nearing€the€end€of€his€prison€sentence€for€his€1993Ïconvictions€for€lewd€conduct€against€a€minorÔ‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{Ô,€he€qualified€for€Ô#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{9#ÔcommitmentÐ ñA  Ðunder€either€Act.€€Both€Acts€required€a€conviction€for€a€predicate€offense€whichÏincluded€lewd€conduct.€€(ðð€6600,€subd.€(b);€Ô‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{ÔPen.€Code,€ððÔ#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{„:#ÔÔ‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{Ô€2962,€subd.€(e)(2).)€Ð ß/  ÐBoth€Acts€required€the€inmate€to€suffer€a€mental€disorder€(ðð€6600,€subd.€(a);ÏÔ#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{Õ:#ÔÔ‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{ÔPen.€Code,€ððÔ#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{“;#ÔÔ‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{Ô€2962,€subd.€(a))€which€could€include€pedophilia.€€(See,€e.g.,€òòPeopleÐ Í Ðv.€Starróó€(2003)€106€Cal.App.4th€1202,€1205„1207€[MDO]).€€Both€Acts€requiredÐ D” Ðthe€inmate€to€pose€an€unacceptable€risk€of€reoffending€due€to€the€mentalÏdisorder.€€(ðð6600,€subd.€(a);€Ô#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{ä;#ÔÔ‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{ÔPen.€Code,€ððÔ#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{Q=#ÔÔ‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{Ô€2962,€subd.€(b).)€€For€purposes€of€thisÐ 2‚ Ðanalysis,€those€committed€under€the€SVP€Act€are€similarly€situated€with€thoseÏcommitted€under€the€MDO€Act.€Ìà ` àAn€MDO€patient€must€be€released€withinÔ#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{¢=#Ô€a€year€unless€the€state€provesÐ —ç" Ðto€a€jury€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt€the€need€to€continue€the€confinement.€€AnÏSVP€commitment,€however,€is€for€life.€€There€is€no€legal€mechanism€toÏguarantee€the€SVP€committee€a€judicial€hearing€on€the€merits,€and€if€a€hearingÏis€granted,€the€òòburden€is€on€the€SVP€committeeóó€to€prove€his€condition€hasÐ s#Ã* Ðòòchangedóó€so€that€he€is€òòno€longer€a€dangeróó.€€There€is€no€rational,€much€lessÐ ê$: , Ðcompelling€reason,€for€the€disparate€treatment.€€While€an€SVP€committee€mightÏbe€deemed€as€a€danger€to€society€because€of€their€crimes€and€mental€disorder,Ïthe€same€danger€is€posed€by€an€MDO€patient€who€committed€the€same€sexÏoffenses€or€other€violent€crimes€Ô‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{Ô(Pen.€Code,€ððÔ#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{¨A#ÔÔ‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{Ô€2962,€subd.€(e))€and€who€suffersÐ Æ*&4 Ðfrom€the€same€mental€illness.Ô#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{úA#ÔÔ‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{ÔÐ ° Ðà ` àThe€government€below€did€not€disagree€that€people€under€the€SVP€Act€areÏtreated€differently€from€those€committed€under€other€schemes€in€California€andÏthat€the€strict€scrutiny€test€applies.€€(Mont.€CT€123„124;€Sade€CT€54„55.)€€Ô#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{B#ÔÔ‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{ÔTheÐ  e Ðgovernment€argued€there€were€compelling€reasons€to€treat€those€under€the€SVPÏAct€differently€because€case€law€has€established€that€there€is€a€compellingÏinterest€to€protect€society€from€the€dangerously€mentally€ill.€€(Mont.€CT€125„¼127€and€Sade€CT€56„58,€citing,€òòBaxstrom€v.€Heroldóó€(1966)€383€U.S.€107,€Ô#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{ÕC#ÔÔ‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{Ôòòóó111Ð ñA  Ðand€òòIn€re€Gary€W.€óó(1971)€5€Cal.3d€296,€304€and€other€cases.)€€The€cases€merelyÐ h¸  Ðestablish€that€the€government€has€a€compelling€interest€in€depriving€theÏdangerously€mentally€ill€of€their€liberty.€€The€cases€do€not€establish€that€thoseÏunder€the€SVP€Act€could€be€treated€differently€from€others€who€are€dangerouslyÏmentally€ill.Ô#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{dE#ÔÔ‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{ÔÐ D” Ðà ` àThe€government€also€argued€that€those€under€the€SVP€Act€are€different.€Ï(Mont.€CT€127„131;€Sade€CT€58„62.)€€It€relied€on€cases€which€held€that€oneÏcommitted€under€the€SVP€Act€need€not€be€treated€before€commitment,€unlikeÏthose€under€the€MDO€Act,€because€the€MDO€Act€targets€those€whose€illnessÏmight€be€kept€in€remission.€(CT€135,€citing€Ô#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{$G#ÔòòÔ‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{ÔPeopleÔ#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{ÜH#ÔÔ‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{Ô€v.€Hubbart€óó(2001)€88Ð —ç" ÐCal.App.4th€1202,€1222€and€òòÔ#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{$I#ÔÔ‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{ÔBuffington,€supra,óó€74€Cal.App.4th€at€pp.€1162„Ð ^$ Ð1163.)€€The€government€failed€to€show€how€this€is€relevant€for€making€SVPÏcommitments€indeterminate€when€MDO€commitments€are€only€a€year€long.€Ï(See€òòRomer,€supra,óó€517€U.S.at€p.€632€[there€must€be€a€ð ðlinkðð€between€theÐ s#Ã* Ðclassification€and€the€government's€objective].)€€Ô#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{±I#ÔÔ‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{ÔThe€courts€in€òòHubbart€óóandÐ ê$: , ÐòòBuffington€óófound€or€assumed€that€SVP€patients€and€MDO€patients€wereÐ a&±!. Ðsimilarly€situated€for€other€equal€protection€challenges.€€Ô#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{eK#ÔÔ‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{Ô(òòHubbart,€supra,óó€at€pp.Ô#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{tL#ÔÔ‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{ÔÐ Ø'(#0 Ð1217,€1219;€òòBuffington,€supra,óó€at€pp.€1156,€1159.)€€Ô#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{ÓL#ÔÔ‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{ÔWhile€the€MDO€ActÐ O)Ÿ$2 Ðtargeting€those€whose€ailments€might€be€placed€in€remission€could€justifyÐ Æ*&4 Ðfailure€to€provide€early€treatment€to€non„MDO€patients,€the€government€failedÏto€explain€why€it€would€justify€a€retroactive€indeterminate€term€only€for€SVPÏpatients.€€A€mentally€ill€robber€or€child€molester€under€the€MDO€Act€is€just€asÏdangerous€as€a€child€molester€under€the€SVP€Act,€even€if€the€MDO€patient'sÏmental€illness€might€be€kept€in€remission€with€treatment.׃k×Ý ƒÿÿÝòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€Ô#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{dM#ÔÔ‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{ÔÐ Œ Ü ÐÔ#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{ïO#ÔÔ‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{Ôà ` àThe€United€States€Supreme€explained€in€Ô#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{FP#ÔòòHumphrey€v.€Cadyóó€(1972)€€405Ð  S  ÐU.S.€504€Ô‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{Ôthat€when€there€existed€two€different€schemes€for€committing€a€sexÐ z Ê  Ðoffender€and€a€person€is€ð ðdeprived€of€a€jury€determination,€or€of€otherÏprocedural€protections,€merely€by€the€arbitrary€decision€of€the€State€to€seek€hisÏcommitment€under€one€statute€rather€than€the€other,ðð€it€violates€the€equalÏprotection€clause.€€Ô#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{ûP#ÔÔ‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{Ô(òòId.óó€at€p.Ô#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{“R#ÔÔ‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{Ô€512.)€€Appellants€could€not€be€deprived€of€aÐ V¦ Ðperiodic€trial€where€the€state€has€the€burden€of€proof€just€because€theÏgovernment€chose€to€commit€them€under€the€SVP€Act€€instead€of€the€MDO€Act.Ìà ` àThe€Supreme€Court€has€held€in€other€cases€that€committed€formerÏprisoners€are€similarly€situated€with€other€civil€patients€when€considering€theÏstate's€burden€of€proof€for€the€commitment€or€continuing€the€commitment.€€Ô#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{åR#ÔÔ‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{ÔInÐ ©ù КòòÔ#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{âT#ÔÔ‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{ÔBaxstrom,€supra,€óó383€U.S.€107,€Ô#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{?U#ÔÔ‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{Ôòòóóthe€Court€decided€a€prisoner,€who€wasÐ  p  Ðcommitted€at€the€expiration€of€his€prison€sentence,€to€be€similarly€situated€asÏthose€committed€under€other€statutory€schemes€within€the€state.€€ð ðThere€is€noÏconceivable€basis€for€distinguishing€the€commitment€of€a€person€who€is€nearingÏthe€end€of€a€penal€term€from€all€other€civil€commitments.ðð€€(òòId.óó,€at€pp.€111„112.)Ð ü!L( ÐÔ#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{£U#ÔÔ‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{Ô€In€that€case,€Ô#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{…W#ÔÔ‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{Ôa€prisoner€nearing€the€end€of€a€prison€term€could€be€committed€byÐ ° Ða€judge€for€mental€health€treatment.€€All€other€mental€health€commitmentÏschemes€in€the€state€required€a€finding€by€a€jury€upon€demand.€€Ô#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{ÖW#ÔÔ‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{Ô(òòId.óó€at€pp.Ô#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{÷X#ÔÔ‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{Ô€110„Ð žî Ð111.)€€The€Court€€held€it€violated€the€equal€protection€clause€to€withhold€juryÏtrials€only€to€those€being€committed€from€prison:€€ð ðIt€follows€that€the€State,Ïhaving€made€this€substantial€review€proceeding€generally€available€on€this€issue,Ïmay€not,€consistent€with€the€Equal€Protection€Clause€of€the€FourteenthÔ% ‡‘ ÔÔ%†‘½ZÔÏAmendment,€arbitrarily€withhold€it€from€some.ðð€€Ô#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{JY#ÔÔ‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{Ô(òòId.óó€at€p.Ô#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{2[#ÔÔ‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{Ô€111.)€€The€stateððsÐ ñA  Ðargument€that€a€lesser€showing€was€appropriate€for€those€with€a€certain€criminalÏrecord€was€found€to€be€ð ðuntenableðð€€Ô#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{„[#ÔÔ‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{Ô(òòId.óó€at€p.Ô#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{l\#ÔÔ‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{Ô€114.)€Ð ß/  Ðà ` àIn€€òòJackson,€supra,€óó406€U.S.€òòóó715,€an€incompetent€criminal€defendant€wasÐ V¦ Ðsubject€to€commitment€without€the€state€showing€mental€illness€or€inability€toÏcare€for€himself,€as€was€required€for€all€others€civilly€committed€in€the€state.€ÏÔ#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{¾\#ÔÔ‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{Ô(òòId.óó€at€p.Ô#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{1^#ÔÔ‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{Ô€728.)€€The€Court€found€him€similarly€situated€with€all€others€civillyÐ »  Ðcommitted€in€the€state.€€Ô#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{ƒ^#ÔÔ‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{Ô(òòId.óó€at€p.Ô#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{9_#ÔÔ‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{Ô€724.Ô#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{‹_#ÔÔ‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{Ô)€€The€Court€concluded,€ð ðwe€hold€that€byÐ 2‚ Ðsubjecting€Jackson€to€a€more€lenient€commitment€standard€and€to€a€moreÏstringent€standard€of€release€than€those€generally€applicable€to€all€others€notÏcharged€with€offenses,€and€by€thus€condemning€him€in€effect€to€permanentÏinstitutionalization€without€the€showing€required€for€commitment€or€theÏopportunity€for€release€afforded€by€[other€commitment€schemes€in€the€state],ÏIndiana€deprived€petitioner€of€equal€protection€of€the€laws€under€the€FourteenthÏAmendment.ðð€€Ô#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{Ò_#ÔÔ‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{Ô(òòId.óó€at€p.Ô#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{*b#ÔÔ‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{Ô€730.)€€Ð s#Ã* Ðà ` àÔ#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{|b#ÔIn€òòÔ‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{ÔPeopleÔ#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{íb#Ô€v.€Gibsonóó€(1988)€204€Cal.App.3d€1245,€the€court€held€theÐ ê$: , ÐMDO€Act,€as€it€existed€at€the€time,€violated€the€state€and€federal€equalÏprotection€clauses€because€it€permitted€the€continued€confinement€of€a€patientÏwithout€the€state€needing€to€make€the€same€showing€of€present€dangerousnessÏit€needed€to€make€under€other€commitment€schemes€in€the€state.€€€Ô‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{Ô(òòId.óó€at€pp.Ô#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{«d#ÔÐ Æ*&4 Ð1436„1443,€overruled€on€other€grounds€by€the€same€court€in€òòÔ‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{ÔPeopleÔ#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{Qe#Ô€v.Ð ° ÐRobinsonóó€(1998)€63€Cal.App.4th€348,€350„352.)Ð 'w ÐÔ‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{Ôà ` àThe€SVP€Act,€as€amended,€violates€the€equal€protection€clause€becauseÐ žî Ðit€deprives€those€committed€under€the€Act€to€the€right€to€a€periodic€trial€whereÏthe€state€bore€the€burden€of€proving€present€dangerousness,€as€is€required€inÏother€commitment€schemes€in€California.ÌÔ#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{öe#ÔÓ€Óà ` àà ¸ àò ò3.à0  àThe€SVP€Act,€as€amended,€violates€the€ex€post€factoÐ z Ê  Ðand€double€jeopardy€clauses.Ð Ð Ð  Ðó óÓ€egÓÓ€€ÓÌÓ€€4hÓà ` àAppellants€argued€below€that€the€amendments€to€the€SVP€Act€renderedÏit€punitive€and€thus€appellants'€commitments€violated€principles€against€ex€postÏfacto€laws.€€(Mont.€CT€190„192;€Sade€CT€92„93;€Sade€2RT€13,€23€[joining€inÏMontague's€arguments].)€€The€government€disagreed.€€(Mont.€CT€104„108,€204„¼205;€Sade€CT€35„39.)Ìà ` àWhen€the€SVP€Act€was€passed,€the€Legislature€expressly€stated€in€anÏuncodified€portion€of€the€bill€that€the€purpose€of€the€statutory€scheme€was€notÏpunitive€but€to€provide€treatment€and€to€protect€society€from€a€small€class€ofÏhigh€risk€offenders.€€(Stats.€1995,€ch.€763,€ðð€1;€òòHubbart,€supra,óó19€Cal.4th€atÐ £ó Ðpp.€1171„1172.)€€It€was€contended€California's€SVP€Act,€as€originally€enacted,Ïviolated€the€ex€post€facto€(Cal.€Const.,€art.€I,€ðð€9;€U.S.€Const.,€art.€I,€ðð€10)€andÏdouble€jeopardy€clauses€(Cal.€Const.,€art.€I,€ðð€15;€U.S.€Const.,€5th€and€14thÏAmends.)€because€it€incarcerated€a€person€for€past€sex€offenses€after€theÏsentence€had€been€served.€€The€claims€failed€because€the€SVP€Act€was€deemedÏto€be€non„punitive.€€(òòÔ‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{ÔHubbart,€supra,€óó19€Cal.4th€at€pp.€1171„1172Ô#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{°l#Ô.)€€It€was€civilÐ m$½+ Ðbecause€the€commitment€was€temporary;€after€a€year€or€two,€the€state€wasÏrequired€to€release€the€patient€or€prove€in€court€ð ðððbeyond€a€reasonable€doubt€thatÐ ['«"/ Ðthe€detainee€satisfies€the€same€standards€as€required€for€the€initialÏconfinement.'ðð€€Ô‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{Ô(òòId.óó€at€p.Ô#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{Vn#Ô€1173,€quoting€òòHendricks,€supra,óó€at€pp.€363„364€[asÐ I*™%3 ÐKansas€required€periodic€hearings,€it€was€not€punitive].)€€Both€the€United€StatesÐ À+'5 Ðand€California€supreme€courts€warned:€ð ððð[I]f€Ô‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{Ô...Ô#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{o#Ô€civil€commitments€were€toÐ ° Ðbecome€a€mechanism€for€retribution€or€general€deterrence,'€ðð€then€ð ð€ððourÐ 'w Ðprecedents€would€not€suffice€to€validate€it.'ðð€€(òòHubbart,€supra,€óó19€Cal.4th€at€p.Ð žî Ð1179€(conc.€opn.€of€Werdegar,€J.),€quoting€òòHendricks,€supra,óó€521€U.S.at€p.€373Ð  e Ð(conc.€opn.€of€Kennedy,€J.).)€€Ìà ` àÔ‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{ÔThe€traditional€aims€of€punishment€are€retribution€and€deterrence.€Ð  S  Ð(Ô#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{rq#ÔšòòÔ‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{ÔHendricks,€supra,€óó521€U.S.€at€p.€361;€see€Cal.€Rules€of€Court,€ruleÔ#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{r#Ô€4.410(a)(1)Ð z Ê  Ð&€(a)(5).)€€Ô‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{ÔIt€has€long€been€recognized€that€ð ð[o]ne€of€the€reasons€societyÐ ñA  Ðimprisons€those€convicted€of€crimes€is€to€keep€them€from€inflicting€futureÏharm.ðð€€(òòUnited€States€v.€Brownóó€(1965)€381€U.S.€437,€458.)€€ð ðIncapacitation€forÐ ß/  Ðthe€protection€of€society€is€not€an€unusual€ground€for€incarceration.€€ððIsolationÏof€the€dangerous€has€always€been€considered€an€important€function€of€theÏcriminal€law.ðð€ðð€(òòFoucha,€supraóó,€504€U.S.€71,€99€(dis.€opn.€of€Kennedy,€J.),Ð D” Ðquoting€òòPowell€v.€Texasóó€(1968)€329€U.S.€514,€539€(conc.€opn.€of€Black,€J.).)€Ð »  ÐThus,€incarceration€of€sexual€psychopaths€simply€for€the€purpose€ofÏincapacitation€has€been€found€to€be€a€form€of€criminal€punishment.€€(òòSpecht,Ð ©ù Ðsupra,€óó386€U.S.€at€p.€610.)€Ô#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{Ær#ÔÔ‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{Ô€Ô#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{Sv#ÔÐ  p  Ðà ` àThe€amendments€to€the€SVP€Act€were€part€of€a€very€large€initiative€aimedÏat€increasing€punishment€for€sexual€offenders.€€The€expressed€purpose€ofÏProposition€83€was€to€increase€the€punishment€of€sex€offenders,€both€in€termsÏof€lengthening€confinement€and€in€ð ðcontrol[ling]ðð€(or€deterring)€them:ÌÓ€Óà8 ` àà ¸ àIt€is€the€intent€of€the€People€of€the€State€of€California€inÏenacting€this€measure€to€strengthen€the€laws€that€òòpunish€andÐ m$½+ Ðcontrol€óósex€offenders.€€It€is€also€the€intent€of€the€People€of€theÐ g%· , ÐState€of€California€that€if€any€provision€in€this€act€conflicts€withÏany€other€provision€of€law€that€provides€for€òògreater€penaltyóó€orÐ ['«". Ðlonger€period€of€òòimprisonmentóó€the€latter€provision€shall€apply.ÐU(¥#/` x` x ÐÓ€äwÓÓ€€ÓÌÓ€€zÓ(Prop.€83,€ðð€31,€emphasis€added.)€€Ìà ` àIn€the€argument€in€favor€of€Proposition€83,€the€backers€of€the€initiativeÐ C+“&3 Ðstated:€ð ðProposition€83€ð!ð€JESSICA'S€LAW€ð!ð€will€protect€our€children€byÏkeeping€child€molesters€in€prison€longer;€keeping€them€away€from€schools€andÏparks;€and€monitoring€their€movements€after€they€are€released.ðð€(Ballot€Pamp.,ÏGeneral€Elec.€(Nov.€7,€2006)€argument€in€favor€of€Prop.€83,€p.€46,€emphasis€inÏoriginal.)׃u×Ý ƒÿÿÝòòÚ  Ú3Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€The€argument€concluded€with€the€initiative's€purpose:€ð ðPropositionÐ Œ Ü Ðòò83€means€safer€schoolsóó,€safer€parks,€and€safer€neighborhoods.€€Proposition€òò83Ð  S  Ðmeans€dangerous€child€molesters€will€be€kept€away€from€our€childrenóó€andÐ z Ê  Ðmonitored€for€life.€€Proposition€òò83€means€predatory€sex€criminals€will€beÐ ñA  Ðpunishedóó€and€serve€their€full€sentence€in€every€case.ðð€€Ô‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{Ô(òòIbid.óó,€emphasis€inÐ h¸  Ðoriginal.)Ô#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{,~#Ô€€Ð ß/  Ðà ` àNowhere€in€the€initiative€was€there€an€effort€to€improve€treatment,Ïeffectuate€rehabilitation,€or€increase€the€chance€of€releasing€sexually€violentÏpredators.€€The€voters€did€not€want€to€try€to€rehabilitate€and€release€sexÏoffenders;€it€wanted€to€incarcerate€them€as€long€as€possible€and€closely€monitorÏthem€if€their€release€was€required.€€Ìà ` àTo€carry€out€the€intent€of€increasing€punishment,€the€voters€decided€thatÏkidnapping€to€commit€a€sex€crime€in€concert€or€lewd€conduct€on€a€minorÏrequired€an€indeterminate€term€(Prop.€83,€ðð€3,€amending€Ô‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{ÔPen.€Code,€ððÔ#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{÷€#Ô209,€subd.Ð —ç" Ð(b)(1)),€first€degree€burglary€to€commit€a€sex€crime€required€an€indeterminateÏterm€(Prop.€83,€ðð€4,€amending€Ô‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{ÔPen.€Code,€ððÔ#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{Ø#Ô€220),€rape€of€a€minor€by€threat€ofÐ … Õ& Ðretaliation€required€an€indeterminate€term€(Prop.€83,€ðð€5,€amending€Ô‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{ÔPen.€Code,Ð ü!L( ÐððÔ#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{¨‚#Ô€269),€and€an€SVP€commitment€required€an€indeterminate€term€(Prop.€83,€ðð€27,Ð s#Ã* Ðamending€Ô‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{ÔWelf.€&€Inst.€Code,€ððÔ#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{zƒ#Ô€6604).€Ð ê$: , Ðà ` àAnd€the€voters€made€it€more€difficult€for€the€Legislature€to€amend€theÐ a&±!. ÐSVP€Act€to€improve€efforts€to€rehabilitate€and€release€sex€offenders.€€If€theÏLegislature€were€to€conclude€that€it€was€appropriate€to€shorten€the€term€ofÏconfinement€or€lower€the€standard€for€releasing€an€SVP€patient,€it€would€beÏpowerless€to€effectuate€the€change€without€approval€of€a€two„thirds€of€bothÏhouses.€€(Prop.€83,€ðð€33.)€€If€the€Legislature€wished€to€make€it€more€difficult€toÏrelease€a€person€committed€under€the€SVP€Act,€it€requires€only€approval€of€aÏmajority€of€each€house.€€€Ô‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{Ô(òòIbid.óó)Ô#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{G†#Ô€€Thus,€the€voters€made€it€clear€that€the€purposeÐ z Ê  Ðof€the€initiative€was€simply€to€lock€up€sex€offenders€(whether€in€prison€or€in€theÏDepartment€of€Mental€Health)€for€as€long€as€possible.€€Ìà ` àThe€punitive€intent€of€legislation€is€dispositive.€šÔ‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{Ô€Ô#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{§‡#ÔÔ‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{Ô(òòSmith€v.€Doeóó€(2003)Ð ß/  Ð538€U.S.€84,92€[ð ðIf€the€intention€of€the€legislature€was€to€impose€punishment,Ïthat€ends€the€inquiry.ðð].)€Ô#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{ê‡#Ôš€Here,€the€voters€stated€that€those€who€have€committedÐ Í Ðsex€crimes€should€be€confined€longer.€€(Prop.€83,€ðð€31.)€€The€amendments€wereÏalso€punitive€in€effect.€€The€features€that€made€the€original€SVP€Act€non„punitiveÏin€effect€were€eliminated.€€Ìà ` àThe€requirement€that€the€commitment€lasts€only€two€years€unless€theÏstate€could€prove€in€court€ð ðððbeyond€a€reasonable€doubt€that€the€detainee€satisfiesÐ  p  Ðthe€same€standards€as€required€for€the€initial€confinement'€ðð€€Ô‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{Ô(òòHubbart,€supra,óóÐ —ç" Ð19€Cal.4th€at€p.Ô#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{ÙŠ#Ô€1173,€quoting€òòHendricks,€supra,óó€at€521€U.S.€pp.€363„364)€isÐ ^$ Ðnow€missing.€€Every€other€commitment€scheme€in€California€has€been€for€a€fewÏyears.€€The€unique€indeterminate€terms€for€SVP€ð ðpatientsðð€is€Ô‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{Ôexcessive€inÐ ü!L( Ðrelation€to€the€alternative€purpose€assigned.Ô#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{=Œ#ÔÐ s#Ã* Ðà ` àOther€factors€in€California's€SVP€scheme€makes€it€punitive€in€effect.€InÐ ê$: , ÐòòHendricks,€supra,óó€521€U.S.346,€the€Court€doubted€the€civil€commitment€wouldÐ a&±!. Ðact€as€a€deterrent€because€the€people€committed€under€the€Act€are€consideredÏto€be€mentally€disabled.€Ô‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{Ô€(òòId.óó€at€pp.Ô#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{Ž#Ô€362„363.)€€In€California,€however,€a€personÐ O)Ÿ$2 Ðcan€be€committed€who€is€perfectly€lucid€but€simply€has€an€inclination€to€commitÐ Æ*&4 Ðsex€offenses.€€(See,€e.g.,€òòÔ‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{ÔPeopleÔ#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{/#Ô€v.€Williamsóó€(2003)€31€Cal.4th€757,€761Ð ° Ð[commitment€for€paraphilia].)Ìà ` àThe€statutory€scheme€upheld€in€òòHendricks€óódid€not€require€a€criminalÐ žî Ðconviction€as€a€prerequisite€for€a€commitment.€(òòHendricks,€supra,€óó521€U.S.€atÐ  e Ðp.€362€[ð ðAn€absence€of€the€necessary€criminal€responsibility€suggests€that€theÏState€is€not€seeking€retribution€for€a€past€misdeed.ðð].)€€Writing€for€the€Court,ÏJustice€Thomas€found€the€absence€of€a€predicate€criminal€offense€critical€inÏdetermining€the€Kansas€law€was€civil€in€nature.€€By€contrast,€he€commented€theÏrequirement€of€predicate€criminal€acts€would€be€indicative€that€a€statute€wereÏpunitive.€€(òòHendricks,€supra,óó€521€U.S.€at€p.€362.)€€The€SVP€Act€makes€it€aÐ ß/  Ðprerequisite€that€the€person€be€convicted€of€a€sex€offense€Ô‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{Ô(Welf.€&€Inst.€Code,Ð V¦ ÐððÔ#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{×’#Ô€6600,€subd.€(a))€and€that€the€person€be€in€prison€when€the€petition€is€filedÐ Í ÐÔ‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{Ô(Welf.€&€Inst.€Code,€ððÔ#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{¨“#Ô€6601,€subd.€(a)).Ð D” Ðà ` àThe€Kansas€law,€like€virtually€all€other€civil€commitments,€did€notÏexamine€the€malice€or€moral€turpitude€of€the€person€who€may€be€committed.€Ð 2‚ ÐòòScienteróó€is€a€criminal€element.€€(òòHendricks,€supra,óó€521€U.S.€at€p.€362.)€€TheÐ ©ù ÐSVP€Act,€on€the€other€hand,€focuses€on€the€guilty€and€predatory€òòintentóó€of€theÐ  p  Ðperson€to€form€a€relationship€for€the€purpose€of€victimization.€€Ô‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{Ô(Welf.€&€Inst.Ð —ç" ÐCode,€ððÔ#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{ð•#Ô6600,€subds.€(a),€(b)€&€(e).)Ð ^$ Ðà ` àThe€Kansas€law€provided€the€patient€may€petition€the€court€for€release€atÏany€time.€€The€court€was€under€no€obligation€to€obtain€approval€or€aÏrecommendation€from€the€department€of€mental€health.€€€€If€the€court€denied€theÏpetition,€the€patient€was€not€precluded€from€filing€a€new€petition€any€time€in€theÏfuture.€€Discharging€those€who€are€no€longer€a€danger€was€a€paramount€featureÏof€a€civil€commitment;€keeping€them€confined€even€when€it€was€not€medicallyÏappropriate€is,€by€definition,€punitive.€(òòHendricks,€supra,óó€521€U.S.€at€p.€364.)€Ð O)Ÿ$2 ÐUnder€the€SVP€Act,€šthe€court€must€obtain€the€consent€or€recommendation€fromÐ Æ*&4 Ðthe€director€of€Department€of€Mental€Health€before€it€can€consider€the€patientððsÏpetition.€€Ô‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{Ô(Welf.€&€Inst.€Code,€ðððð€6605,€subd.€(b),Ô#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{–™#Ô€6608,€subd.€(j).)€€If€theÐ 'w Ðpetition€is€denied,€the€patient€is€prohibited€from€filing€a€new€petition€for€oneÏyear.€€Ô‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{Ô(Welf.€&€Inst.€Code,€ððÔ#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{š#Ô6608,€subd.€(h);€see€also€ðð€6605,€subd.€(a)Ð  e Ð[permitting€an€evaluation€for€ðð6605€only€once€a€year].)Ìà ` àAll€of€these€factors€demonstrate€that,€unlike€the€Kansas€law,€the€SVP€Act,Ïas€amended,€is€punitive,€not€civil,€in€nature.€Ìà ` àUnder€article€I,€section€10€of€the€United€States€Constitution,€a€stateÏcannot€enact€ex€post€facto€laws.€€Ex€post€facto€includes€ð ð€ðð[e]very€law€thatÏÝ‚,ÿÿÿÝòòÝ  ÝaggravatesÝ‚,ÿÿÿ•œÝóóÝ  Ý€a€Ý‚,ÿÿÿÝòòÝ  ÝcrimeÝ‚,ÿÿÿæœÝóóÝ  Ý,€or€makes€it€Ý‚,ÿÿÿÝòòÝ  ÝgreaterÝ‚,ÿÿÿ=ÝóóÝ  Ý€than€it€was,€when€committed€[and]Ð ß/  Ð[e]very€law€that€Ý‚,ÿÿÿÝòòÝ  Ýchanges€the€punishmentÝ‚,ÿÿÿÐÝóóÝ  Ý,€and€inflicts€a€Ý‚,ÿÿÿÝòòÝ  Ýgreater€punishmentÝ‚,ÿÿÿ;žÝóóÝ  Ý,Ð V¦ Ðthan€the€law€annexed€to€the€crime,€when€committed.ðððð€€Ý‚,ÿÿÿÝòòÝ  Ýóó(òòCarmell€v.€TexasóóÐ Í Ð(2000)€529€U.S.€513,€522,€quoting€òòCalder€v.€Bullóó€(1798)€3€U.S.€(3€Dall.)€386,Ð D” Ð390,€emphasis€in€original.)€€òòÝ‚,ÿÿÿäžÝóóÝ  Ýð ðA€law€enacted€after€commission€of€the€offense€andÐ »  Ðwhich€punishes€the€offense€by€extending€the€term€of€confinement€is€a€textbookÏexample€of€an€ex€post€facto€law.ðð€€(òòHendricks,€supra,óó€521€U.S.€at€371€(conc.Ð ©ù Ðopn.€of€Kennedy,€J.).€€The€SVP€Act€is€now€punitive€in€intent€and€in€effect,€and€itÏserves€to€lengthen€the€confinement€of€sex€offenders€who€were€scheduled€to€beÏreleased.€It€applies€to€people€who€committed€sex€offenses€before€the€enactmentÏof€the€SVP€Act.€€Thus,€the€statute€is€retrospective.€€Appellants€were€alreadyÏconvicted€and€punished€for€their€offenses.€€The€indeterminate€SVPÏcommitments€violated€the€prohibition€against€ex€post€facto€laws.Ìà ` àThe€SVP€Act€also€violates€the€double€jeopardy€clause.€€ð ðThe€DoubleÏJeopardy€Clause€Ô‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{Ô...Ô#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{£#Ô€provides€that€no€Ô% ‡‰ ÔÔ%†‰\£Ôperson€shall€ððbe€subject€for€the€sameÐ a&±!. Ðoffence€to€be€twice€put€in€jeopardy€of€life€or€limb.ðð€€U.S.€Const.,€Amdt.€5.€ThisÏprotection€applies€both€to€successive€punishments€and€to€successiveÏprosecutions€for€the€same€criminal€offense.ðð€€(òòUnited€States€v.€Dixonóó€(1993)Ð Æ*&4 Ð509€U.S.€688,€695„696.)€€ð ð[T]his€Court€has€concluded€that€where€the€twoÏoffenses€for€which€the€defendant€is€punished€or€tried€cannot€survive€the€ððsame„¼elementsðð€test,€the€double€jeopardy€bar€applies.ðð€€Ô‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{Ô(òòId.óó€at€p.Ô#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{‘¥#Ô€696.)€€ð ðThe€same„Ð žî Ðelements€test€...€inquires€whether€each€offense€contains€an€element€notÏcontained€in€the€other;€if€not,€they€are€the€ððsame€offenceðð€and€double€jeopardyÏbars€additional€punishment€and€successive€prosecution.ðð€Ô‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{Ô€(òòIbid.óó;Ô#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{è¦#Ô€€òòBlockburgerÐ  S  Ðv.€United€Statesóó€(1932)€284€U.S.€299,€304.)€€The€same€offense€test€is€met€whenÐ z Ê  Ðone€charge€is€a€lesser€included€of€another.€€(òòBrown€v.€Ohioóó€(1977)€432€U.S.Ð ñA  Ð161.)€€Ìà ` àThe€crimes€for€which€appellants€were€convicted€are€included€within€theÏelements€of€the€SVP€law€because€one€of€the€three€elements€of€finding€them€toÏbe€sexually€violent€predators€were€whether€they€committed€the€predicateÏoffenses.€€(ðð6600,€subd.€(a).)€€Further,€but€for€the€conviction€of€the€sex€crimes,Ïappellants€could€not€be€held€in€custody€under€the€SVP€Act,€even€though€theirÏprison€sentences€have€expired.€€Thus,€the€SVP€Act€serves€to€punish€them€aÏsecond€time€for€the€same€conduct.€€The€SVP€Act€violates€prohibitions€againstÏdouble€jeopardy.Ìò òÓ€Óà ` àE.à0 ¸ àBecause€the€State€has€Chosen€not€to€Proceed€with€theÐ —ç" ÐCommitment€Extension€Petition€in€a€Timely€Manner,ÏDismissal€of€the€Petition€and€Release€of€Appellants€isÏRequired.Ó€hªÓó óÐ… Õ%¸ Ð ¸ Ð  Ðà ` àAfter€the€government€successfully€sought€to€modify€appellants'€initialÏcommitments€retroactively€to€be€indeterminate€terms,€Montague€moved€toÏdismiss€the€current€commitment€extension€petition.€€(Mont.€5RT€188.)€€Instead,Ïthe€court€granted€the€government's€request€to€stay€the€petition€pending€appeal.€Ï(Mont.€5RT€187„188.)€€While€De€Sade€did€not€interpose€a€specific€objection,Ïhe€had€previously€joined€in€Montague's€arguments.€€(Sade€2RT€13,€23.)€€Further,Ïsince€the€court€indicated€even€before€Montague€asked€to€dismiss€the€petitionÐ Æ*&3 Ðthat€it€would€stay€it,€any€further€objection€by€De€Sade€would€have€been€futile.€Ï(See,€e.g.,€šòòPeople€v.€Scott€óó(1978)€21€Cal.3d€284,€291š;€Ô‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{ÔòòPeople€v.€AbbaszadehóóÐ 'w Ð(2003)106€Ô#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{N®#ÔCal.App.4thÔ‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{Ô€642,Ô#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{Õ®#Ô648.)€€òòóóð ðBecause€the€Ô‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{Ô...Ô#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{:¯#Ô€court€here€had€theÐ žî Ðopportunity€to€address€the€issue€Ô‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{Ô...Ô#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{ʯ#Ô€there€is€no€waiver.ðð€€(òòÔ‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{ÔIn€re€S.M.óó€(2004)€118Ð  e ÐCal.App.4th€1108,Ô#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{/°#Ô€1121,fn.€9;€see€also€òòPeople€v.€Bobóó€(1946)€29€Cal.2d€321,Ð Œ Ü Ð324„327.)Ìà ` àAlthough€there€are€no€statutory€time€limits€for€proceeding€with€an€SVPÏpetition,€an€individual€is€entitled€to€a€timely€determination€of€the€case.€€(òòLitmon,Ð ñA  Ðsupra,óó€123€Ô‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{ÔCal.App.4thÔ#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{Û±#Ô€at€pp.€1171„1172.)€€The€right€to€a€timely€adjudicationÐ h¸  Ðof€the€dispute€is€a€component€of€due€process.€€(U.S.€Const.,€14th€Amend.;€Cal.ÏConst.,€art.€I,€ðð€7.)€€As€this€court€stated,€ð ððð[s]urely€the€Legislature€did€notÏcontemplate€the€lengthy€delay€which€occurred€here.€€The€trial€court€should€Ô‡ ŠJ{‹‹ŠJ{Ô...Ô#†ŠJ{‹‹ ŠJ{h³#ÔÐ Í Ðensure€the€matter€proceeds€to€tri