ÿWPCÕ cw¶|IÉã•TïŒ|ׇŸ¿Æ¹ìë›ü•%£U|\6‡äÉÜ׈ä OÉôòðOúa±|T÷KÊYæ -²2Oà€ö9!Õê×-ÁzMâ âõ‹Ÿ¹Yq^dU~% ­)ðè-‘Ðí³Þj.uòöŒ´.­ý¤g·»|c½Èª¨ðÜwFË$I…^³G„·©–5ŠjZoù""!Èä<èQi΄,ÉNÐwšO-ÞäUuÖØ áï™Å‘1À]µKÕ^ßÝåF½™.ë¬oÔa¸<»-?Ü6Rð¹h>ú¢ÁômáLiS’/&”§ö¢¡Êon,@²‡=ŽHwÕ«°C_¾cNÞ#DÚÉH™4’µæv¯Ç8{ËýLúÙxŸw}H „ÅfX´ÀÍq Éæà¼,3®19Œ¤j±cO=Ñ(Y{ZzçÓÚb›gTè†4ÿw7õîoêð™2\2î !|º¯´¬X°ÔäDjz'˜YòÖ¥“ðÂcGpÕlÉF¼nJØ·=þ´Œ{æä4¿yh+‘ǺétZ æL}›åÜì>vµBóþZÒT·F’=|ȹy°!-(…¿¤s¬Øí&£é‹[ “•ð ²æ¹  #!¨UNÉ % 0(^ Ew@Q4‘¥´ m¶Í˜HP LaserJet 4ÈÈ,,,,ÈÈ0(ÈhH  Z6Times New Roman RegularX($¡¡­žÞ0‰ gEhiEjEkElmEnopUYÂ0H§‚3|xpÿU‹ÿÀÀÀ Ý ƒ!ÝÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÑ8€µ XdìdÈ8Ñò òÓ  Óà@²²ìàCRIMES€OF€INTIMIDATIONˆÐ ° Ðà@ww)ìàByˆÌà@¶¶!ìàMichael€A.€KresserˆÌó óÌÌÌò òI.à0  àPENAL€CODE€SECTION€422:€CRIMINAL€THREATSó óÐ8 ˆ(#(# ÐÌà  àA.à0 ` àElements€Defined€in€òòPeople€v.€Toledoóó€(2001)€26€Cal.4th€221,€227„228:Ð `` (#` (# ÐÌà  àà8 ` àà ¸ àIn€order€to€prove€a€violation€of€section€422,€the€prosecutionÏmust€establish€all€of€the€following:€(1)€that€the€defendant€ð ðwillfullyÏÔ_Ôthreaten[edÔ_Ô]€to€commit€a€crime€which€will€result€in€death€or€greatÏbodily€injury€to€another€person,ðð€(2)€that€the€defendant€made€theÏthreat€ð ðwith€the€specific€intent€that€the€statement€.€.€.€is€to€be€taken€asÏa€threat,€even€if€there€is€no€intent€of€actually€carrying€it€out,ðð€(3)€thatÏthe€threat€ð!ð€which€may€be€ð ðmade€verbally,€in€writing,€or€by€means€ofÐ pÀ Ðan€electronic€communication€deviceðð€ð!ð€was€ð ðon€its€face€and€under€theÐ \¬ Ðcircumstances€in€which€it€[was]€made,€.€.€.€.€so€unequivocal,Ïunconditional,€immediate,€and€specific€as€to€convey€to€the€personÏthreatened,€a€gravity€of€purpose€and€an€immediate€prospect€ofÏexecution€of€the€threat,ðð€(4)€that€the€threat€actually€caused€the€personÏthreatened€ð ðto€be€in€sustained€fear€for€his€or€her€own€safety€or€for€hisÏor€her€immediate€familyððs€safety,ðð€and€(5)€that€the€threatened€personððsÏfear€was€ð ðÔ_Ôreasonabl[eÔ_Ô]ðð€under€the€circumstances.€€(See€generallyÏòòPeople€v.€Ô_ÔBolinÔ_Ôóó€(1998)€18€Cal.4th€297,€337„340€&€fn.€13.)м ` x` x ÐÌà  àB.à0 ` àInterface€with€First€AmendmentДä` (#` (# ÐÌà  àà8 ` à1.à ¸ àOriginal€Penal€Code€section€422€held€void€for€vagueness€inÐ l¼ ÐòòPeople€v.€Ô_ÔMirimaniÔ_Ôóó€(1981)€30€Cal.3d€375.€€Court€stated€that€a€threatÐ X ¨ Ðcan€be€penalized€consistent€with€First€Amendment€only€if€ð ðððon€itsÏface€and€in€the€circumstances€in€which€it€is€made€[it]€is€soÏunequivocal,€unconditional,€immediate€and€specific€as€to€the€personÏthreatened,€as€to€convey€a€gravity€of€purpose€and€imminent€prospectÏof€execution.ðððð€(òòIdóó.,€at€p.€388,€quoting€òòUnited€States€v.€Ô_ÔKelnerÔ_Ôóó€(2d€Cir.Ð ô$D # Ð1976)€534€F.2d€1020,€1027.)Ð ` x` x ÐÌà  àà8 ` à2.à ¸ àStatutory€language€on€element€3€comes€from€òòÔ_ÔKelnerÔ_Ôóó.€€ð ðHence,Ð ¸'#& Ðthe€standard€set€forth€in€section€422€is€both€the€statutory€definition€ofÏa€crime€and€the€constitutional€standard€for€distinguishing€betweenÏpunishable€threats€and€protected€speech.€€Accordingly,€in€applyingÏsection€422,€courts€must€be€cautious€that€the€statutory€standard€is€notÐ h+¸&* Ðexpanded€beyond€that€which€is€constitutionally€permissible.ðð€€(òòIn€reÐ ° ÐRyan€D.óó€(2002)€100€Cal.App.4th€854,€861„862.)Мì` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à3.à ¸ àBecause€courts€are€deciding€where€the€line€is€to€be€drawnÐ tÄ Ðbetween€speech€which€is€criminally€Ô_ÔproscribableÔ_Ô€and€speech€which€isÏconstitutionally€protected,€independent€review€of€record€by€appellateÏcourt€is€required,€rather€than€traditional€deferential€substantialÏevidence€test.Ð ` x` x ÐÌà  àà ` àà8 ¸ à(a)€òòBose€Corp.€v.€Consumers€Unionóó€(1984)€466€U.S.Ð ü L  Ð485,€499:€Referring€to€exceptions€to€First€AmendmentÏsuch€as€libel,€fighting€words,€incitement€to€riot,Ïobscenity€and€child€pornography,€court€states:€ð ðInÏeach€of€these€cases€the€limits€of€the€unprotectedÏcategory,€as€well€as€the€unprotected€character€ofÏparticular€communications,€have€been€determined€byÏthe€judicial€evaluation€of€special€facts€which€haveÏbeen€deemed€to€have€constitutional€significance.€€InÏsuch€cases,€the€court€has€regularly€conducted€anÏindependent€review€of€the€record€both€to€be€sure€thatÏthe€speech€in€question€actually€falls€within€theÏunprotected€category€and€to€confine€the€perimeters€ofÏany€unprotected€category€within€acceptably€narrowÏlimits€in€an€effort€to€ensure€that€protected€expressionÏwill€not€be€inhibited.ððÐ ¸ ¸  ÐÌà  àà ` àà8 ¸ à(b)€òòIn€re€Ryan€D.,€supraóó,€100€Cal.App.4th€at€p.€862:Шø¸ ¸  ÐÌà  àà ` àà8 ¸ àà  à[Ô_ÔT]heÔ_Ô€statutory€definition€of€the€crimeÏproscribed€by€section€422€is€not€subject€to€a€simpleÏchecklist€approach€to€determining€the€sufficiency€ofÏthe€evidence.€Rather,€it€is€necessary€first€to€determineÏthe€facts€and€then€balance€the€facts€against€each€otherÏto€determine€whether,€viewed€in€their€totality,€theÏcircumstances€are€sufficient€to€meet€the€requirementÏthat€the€communication€ð ðconvey€to€the€personÏthreatened,€a€gravity€of€purpose€and€an€immediateÏprospect€of€execution€of€the€threat.ðð€€This€presents€aÏmixed€question€of€fact€and€law.€€In€considering€theÏissue,€we€will€defer€to€the€trial€courtððs€resolution€ofÏthe€historical€facts€by€viewing€the€evidence€in€a€lightÏmost€favorable€to€the€judgment.€€In€determiningÏwhether€the€facts€thus€established€are€minimallyÐ h+¸&* Ðsufficient€to€meet€the€statutory€standard,€we€mustÏexercise€our€independent€judgment.€€(See€òòPeople€v.Ð œì ÐÔ_ÔNeslerÔ_Ôóó€(1997)€16€Cal.4th€561,€582;€òòPeople€v.€LouisóóÐ ˆØ Ð(1986)€42€Cal.3d€969,€984„988.)Ð ¸ ¸  ÐÌà  àà8 ` à4.à0¸ ` x` xàPoetry€or€Painting€Are€More€Expressive€and€Ambiguous€and€Ð L œ ÐThus€More€Likely€to€be€Protected€by€First€Amendment.Ð ¸ x¸ x ÐÌà  àà ` àà8 ¸ à(a)€òòIn€re€Ryan€D.óó€notes€that€ð ðAs€an€expression€of€anÐ  ` Ðidea€or€intention,€a€painting€ð!ð€even€a€graphicallyÐ ü L  Ðviolent€painting€ð!ð€is€necessarily€ambiguous€because€itÐ è 8  Ðmay€use€symbolism,€exaggeration,€and€make„believe.ðð€Ï(100€Cal.App.4th€at€p.€857.)à  àÐÀ ¸ ¸  ÐÌà  àà ` àà8 ¸ à(b)€But€see€òòIn€re€George€T.óó€(2002)€102€Cal.App.4thÐ ˜è  Ð1422,€review€granted,€S111780,€in€which€majorityÏrefused€to€accord€any€significance€to€factÏcommunication€was€in€form€of€poem,€with€title€andÏbyline,€and€was€labeled€ð ðDark€Poetry,ðð€or€that€minorÏasked€student€to€whom€he€gave€poem€if€there€was€aÏpoetry€club€at€school.Ð ¸ ¸  ÐÌà  àà ` àà8 ¸ àDissent€quotes€òòÔ_ÔMcCollumÔ_Ô€v.€CBS,€Inc.óó€(1988)€202Ð øH ÐCal.App.3d€989,€1002:€ð ðPoetry€is€not€intended€to€beÏand€should€not€be€read€literally€on€its€face,€nor€judgedÏby€a€standard€of€prose€oratory.€Reasonable€personsÏunderstand€.€.€.€poetic€conventions€as€the€figurativeÏexpressions€which€they€are.€€No€rational€person€wouldÏor€€could€€believe€otherwise€€nor€would€they€mistakeÏ.€.€.€poetry€for€literal€commands€or€directives€toÏimmediate€action.€€To€do€so€would€indulge€a€fictionÏwhich€neither€common€sense€nor€the€FirstÏAmendment€will€permit.ððÐ ¸ ¸  ÐÌà  àC.à0 ` àSome€principles€that€have€developed€in€appellate€review€of€section€422€cases.Ð$X"` (#` (# ÐÌà  àà8 ` à1.à0¸ ` x` xàThreat€Need€Not€be€Unconditional.Ðà%0!$¸ x¸ x ÐÌà  àà ` àà8 ¸ àIn€òòPeople€v.€Ô_ÔBolinÔ_Ôóó€(1998)€18€Cal.4th€297,€338,€courtÐ ¸'#& Ðdisapproved€holding€of€òòPeople€v.€Brownóó€(1993)€20Ð ¤(ô#' ÐCal.App.4th€1251€that€a€threat€which€is€conditional€inÏany€respect€is€not€covered€by€section€422.€€ApprovesÐ |*Ì%) ÐòòPeople€v.€Ô_ÔStainfieldÔ_Ôóó€(1995)€32€Cal.App.4th€1152,Ð h+¸&* Ð1157:€€ð ðThe€use€of€the€word€ð ðsoðð€indicates€thatÏÔ_ÔunequivocalityÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔunconditionalityÔ_Ô,€immediacy€andÏspecificity€are€not€absolutely€mandated,€but€must€beÏsufficiently€present€in€the€threat€and€surroundingÏcircumstances€to€convey€gravity€of€purpose€andÏimmediate€prospect€of€execution€to€the€victim.ððÐ ¸ ¸  ÐÌà  àà8 ` à2.à0¸ ` x` xàNature€of€Relationship€Between€Threatener€and€AllegedÐ $ t ÐVictim€Can€Establish€Gravity€of€Purpose€and€ImmediateÏProspect€of€Execution.Ð ¸ x¸ x ÐÌà  àà ` àà8 ¸ à(a)€òòPeople€v.€Ô_ÔGarrettÔ_Ôóó€(1994)€30€Cal.App.4th€962.€Ð Ô$  ÐDefendantððs€prior€beating€of€wife€gave€his€threat€toÏput€bullet€in€her€head€gravity€and€immediacy,€as€didÏher€knowledge€he€had€gun€in€house€and€hadÏcommitted€prior€homicide.Ð ¸ ¸  ÐÌà  àà ` àà8 ¸ à(b)€òòPeople€v.€Ô_ÔMcCrayÔ_Ôóó€(1997)€58€Cal.App.4th€159.€Ð \¬ ÐPast€domestic€violence€evidence€relevant€toÏdemonstrate€ex€wife€in€reasonable€fear€whenÏdefendant€threatened€to€blow€holes€through€her.Ð ¸ ¸  ÐÌà  àà ` àà8 ¸ à(c)€òòIn€re€David€L.óó€(1991)€234€Cal.App.3d€1655.€Ð øH ÐSeries€of€hostile€encounters€between€minor€and€otherÏstudent,€culminating€in€student€knocking€minor€downÏin€fight,€supported€gravityñmñ,ñmñ€and€immediacy€andÏreasonableness€of€students€fear€when€minorÏthreatened€to€shoot€him.Ð ¸ ¸  ÐÌà  àà8 ` à3.à0¸ ` x` xàMere€Words€Are€Not€DeterminativeÐl¼¸ x¸ x ÐÌà  àà ` àà8 ¸ à(a)€òòIn€re€Ô_ÔRickyÔ_Ô€T.óó€(2001)€87€Cal.App.4th€1132.€Ð D!” ÐMinorððs€threats€to€ð ðgetðð€teacher€or€ð ðkick€his€Ô_ÔassÔ_Ôðð€whenÏteacher€accidentally€hit€student€with€door€showed€noÏgravity€of€purpose.€€ð ðRespondent€relies€too€much€onÏjudging€a€threat€solely€on€the€words€spoken.€€It€is€clearÏby€case€law€that€threats€are€judged€in€their€context.ðð€Ï(òòIdóó.,€at€p.€1137.)ÐÌ&"%¸ ¸  ÐÌà  àà ` àà8 ¸ à(b)€òòPeople€v.€Martinezóó€(1997)€53€Cal.App.4th€1218.€Ð ¤(ô#' ÐAgrees€that€ð ðIððm€going€to€get€you,ðð€ð ðIððll€get€you,ðð€andÏð ðIððll€get€back€to€youðð€are€insufficient€standing€alone€toÏconvey€threat€to€commit€crime€resulting€in€death€orÐ h+¸&* ÐÔ_ÔgbiÔ_Ô,€but€were€sufficient€given€all€surroundingÏcircumstances.Ð ¸ ¸  ÐÌà  àà8 ` à4.à0¸ ` x` xàActivity€After€Threat€May€Demonstrate€Gravity€of€Purpose.Ðtĸ x¸ x ÐÌà  àà ` àà8 ¸ à(a)€òòPeople€v.€Martinez,€supraóó,€53€Cal.App.4th€1218.€Ð L œ ÐAlthough€words€ambiguous,€defendantððs€act€of€arsonÏthe€next€day€at€victimððs€workplace€demonstrated€hisÏgravity€of€purpose.€€ð ðAlthough€section€422€does€notÏrequire€an€intent€to€actually€carry€out€the€threatenedÏcrime,€if€the€defendant€does€carry€out€his€threat,€hisÏactions€might€demonstrate€what€he€meant€when€heÏmade€the€threat,€thereby€giving€meaning€to€the€wordsÏspoken.ðð€€(òòIdóó.,€at€pp.€1220„1221.)Ьü ¸ ¸  ÐÌà  àà ` àà8 ¸ à(b)€òòPeople€v.€Butleróó€(2000)€85€Cal.App.4th€745.€Ð „Ô  ÐHours€after€making€threat,€defendant€invaded€victimððsÏhome€and€committed€assault€with€knife€on€occupant.€Ïð ðThis€conduct€further€showed€that€defendantÏspecifically€intended€his€statement€to€be€interpreted€asÏa€threat.ðð€€(òòIdóó.,€at€p.€755.)Ð p¸ ¸  ÐÌà  àà8 ` à5.à0¸ ` x` xàAbsence€of€Surrounding€Circumstances€Can€DemonstrateÐ øH ÐLack€of€Gravity€of€Purpose,€Immediacy.Ð ¸ x¸ x ÐÌà  àà ` àà8 ¸ àòòIn€re€Ô_ÔRickyÔ_Ô€T.,€supraóó,€87€Cal.App.4th€at€p.€1139:€ð ðIfÐ ¼  Ðsurrounding€circumstances€within€the€meaning€ofÏsection€422€can€show€whether€a€terrorist€threat€wasÏmade,€absence€of€circumstances€can€also€show€that€aÏterrorist€threat€was€not€made€within€the€meaning€ofÏsection€422.€€Here,€there€was€no€evidence€of€anyÏcircumstances€occurring€òòafteróó€appellantððs€ððthreatsððÐ D!” Ðwhich€would€further€a€finding€of€a€terrorist€threat.ðð€ÏAccord:€òòIn€re€Ryan€D.,€supraóó,€100€Cal.App.4th€at€p.Ð #l! Ð860.Ð ¸ ¸  ÐÌà  àD.à8 ` àSufficiency€of€Evidence€on€Elements€Other€Than€Gravity€of€PurposeÐ à%0!$ Ðand€Immediate€Prospect€of€Execution.Ð ` x` x ÐÌà  àà8 ` à1.à0¸ ` x` xàSpecific€Intent€to€Communicate€Threat€When€Threat€NotÐ ¤(ô#' ÐMade€Directly.Ð ¸ x¸ x ÐÌà  àà ` àà8 ¸ à(a)€òòIn€re€David€L.,€supra,€óó234€Cal.App.4th€1655,Ð h+¸&* Ð1659:€ð ðThe€kind€of€threat€contemplated€by€section€422Ïmay€as€readily€be€conveyed€by€the€threatener€throughÏa€third€party€as€personally€to€the€intended€victim.ÏWhere€the€threat€is€conveyed€through€a€third€partyÏintermediary,€the€specific€intent€element€of€the€statuteÏis€implicated.€Thus,€if€the€threatener€intended€theÏthreat€to€be€taken€seriously€by€the€victim€he€mustÏnecessarily€have€intended€it€to€be€conveyed€.€.€.€.€€TheÏcommunication€of€the€threat€to€a€friend€of€the€victimÏwho€was€also€witness€to€certain€of€the€antecedentÏhostilities€supports€the€inference€the€minor€intendedÏthe€friend€act€as€intermediary€to€convey€the€threat€toÏthe€victim.ððÐ ¸ ¸  ÐÌà  àà ` àà8 ¸ à(b)€òòIn€re€Ryan€D.,€supraóó,€100€Cal.App.4th€854.€Ð ˜è  ÐStudent€was€angry€at€female€campus€police€officerÏwho€cited€student€for€marijuana€possession.€€A€monthÏlater,€student€turns€in€an€art€project€in€a€painting€class.€ÏMinorððs€painting€depicted€person€appearing€to€be€theÏminor€discharging€a€handgun€at€the€back€of€the€headÏof€a€female€police€officer€with€same€badge€number€asÏone€who€cited€him.Ð ¸ ¸  ÐÌà  àà ` àà8 ¸ àCourt€of€Appeal€held,€despite€minorððs€later€admissionÏthat€it€was€foreseeable€that€the€painting€would€beÏshown€to€the€officer,€that€the€evidence€wasÏinsufficient€to€support€a€finding€that€the€minorÏspecifically€intended€the€painting€would€be€shown€toÏthe€officer.Ð ¸ ¸  ÐÌà  àà ` àà8 ¸ à(c)€òòPeople€v.€Felixóó€(2001)€92€Cal.App.4th€905.€€AfterÐ X ¨ Ðbeing€arrested€for€Ô_ÔkidnappingÔ_Ô€his€ex€girlfriend€andÏcriminally€threatening€her€Ô_ÔfiancÔ_Ô,€defendant€told€a€jail€Ïpsychologist€that€he€was€thinking€of€how€he€wasÏgoing€to€kill€his€ex€girlfriend€once€he€was€released.€ÏThe€jail€psychologist€called€the€ex€girlfriend,€whoÏafterward€said€that€the€defendant€was€going€to€try€toÏkill€her.Ð ¸ ¸  ÐÌà  àà ` àà8 ¸ àCourt€of€Appeal€held€that€evidence€was€insufficient€toÏshow€that€defendant€intended€the€psychologist€toÏconvey€the€threat.€€ð ð[Ô_ÔT]hereÔ_Ô€was€no€evidence€thatÏFelix€knew€[the€therapist]€would€disclose€hisÐ h+¸&* Ðstatements€to€[his€ex€girlfriend]€or€that€he€wantedÏthem€to€be€revealed.ðð€€(òòIdóó.,€at€p.€913.)Ðœì¸ ¸  ÐÌà  àà8 ` à2.à0¸ ` x` xàSustained€Fear.Ðtĸ x¸ x ÐÌà  àà ` àà8 ¸ à(a)€ð ðThe€phrase€to€ððcause[]€that€person€to€be€inÏsustained€fear€for€his€or€her€own€safetyðð€has€aÏsubjective€and€an€objective€component.€A€victim€mustÏactually€be€in€sustained€fear,€and€the€sustained€fearÏmust€also€be€reasonable€under€the€circumstances.ðð€€(òòInÐ ü L  Ðre€Ô_ÔRickyÔ_Ô€T.,€supraóó,€87€Cal.App.4th€at€p.€1140.)Ðè 8 ¸ ¸  ÐÌà  àà ` àà8 ¸ à(b)€ð ðSustained€fearðð€defined€in€òòPeople€v.€Allenóó€(19ñnñ9ñnñ5)Ð À  Ð33€Cal.App.4th€1149,€1156€as€a€period€of€time€ð ðthatÏextends€beyond€what€is€momentary,€fleeting,€orÏtransitory.ðð€€(See€CALJIC€No.€9.94€(2004€ed.).)Ð ¸ ¸  ÐÌà  àà ` àà8 ¸ à(c)€òòIn€re€Ô_ÔRickyÔ_Ô€Tóó.€found€insufficient€evidence€ofÐ \¬ Ðsustained€fear€where€teacher€threatened€sent€minor€toÏoffice€without€further€incident.€€Distinguishes€òòAllenóó€asÐ 4„ Ðcase€where€victim€had€knowledge€of€defendantððs€priorÏthreatening€conduct.€€òòÔ_ÔRickyÔ_Ô€T.óó€ð ðrejects€respondentððsÐ  \ Ðsuggestion€that€even€momentary€fear€can€support€aÏfinding€of€sustained€fear€.€.€.€.ðð€€(87€Cal.App.4th€at€p.Ï1140.)Ð ¸ ¸  ÐÌà  àà8 ` à3.à0¸ ` x` xàThreat€Must€be€Verbal,€in€Writing,€or€by€Means€of€anÐ ¨ø ÐElectronic€Communication€Device,€Mere€Conduct€NotÏEnough.Ð ¸ x¸ x ÐÌà  àà ` àà8 ¸ àòòPeople€v.€Franzóó€(2001)€88€Cal.App.3d€1426€held€thatÐ X ¨ Ðmere€conduct€without€a€sound€or€writing€does€notÏviolate€statute.€€In€òòFranzóó,€defendant€in€apartment€withÐ 0"€  Ðex€girlfriend€when€police€arrived€to€investigateÏdomestic€violence€complaint€made€a€ð ðshushðð€soundÏwhile€running€his€finger€across€his€throat.€€AppellateÏcourt€rejects€AG€argument€that€mere€gestures€canÏviolate€statute,€but€affirms€due€to€evidence€thatÏdefendant€made€ð ðshushðð€sound.€€Also€rejectsÏconcurring€opinion€in€òòPeople€v.€Mendozaóó€(1997)€59Ð ¤(ô#' ÐCal.App.4th€1333€that€sending€an€informant€a€dead,Ïtongueless€rat€would€violate€section€422.Ð ¸ ¸  ÐÐ h+¸&* Ðò òII.€à8  àPENAL€CODE€SECTION€71:€THREATS€TO€PUBLIC€EMPLOYEES€ANDÐ ° ÐSCHOOL€OFFICIALS.ó óМìÐ Ð  ÐÌà  àA.à0 ` àText€of€Statute:ÐtÄ` (#` (# ÐÌà  àà8 ` àEvery€person€who,€with€intent€to€cause,€attempts€to€cause,€or€causes,Ïany€officer€or€employee€of€any€public€or€private€educationalÏinstitution€or€any€public€officer€or€employee€to€do,€or€refrain€fromÏdoing,€any€act€in€the€performance€of€his€duties,€by€means€of€a€threat,Ïdirectly€communicated€to€such€person,€to€inflict€an€unlawful€injuryÏupon€any€person€or€property,€and€it€reasonably€appears€to€theÏrecipient€of€the€threat€that€such€threat€could€be€carried€out,€is€guiltyÏof€a€public€offense€.€.€.Ð ` x` x ÐÌà  àà8 ` àAs€used€in€this€section,€ð ðdirectly€communicatedðð€includes,€but€is€notÏlimited€to,€a€communication€to€the€recipient€of€the€threat€byÏtelephone,€telegraph,€or€letter.Ð ` x` x ÐÌà  àB.à0 ` àElements€Defined€in€òòPeople€v.€Hopkinsóó€(1983)€149€Cal.App.3d€36,€40:ÐH˜` (#` (# ÐÌà  àà8 ` àð ððð(1)€A€threat€to€inflict€an€unlawful€injury€upon€any€person€orÏproperty;€(2)€direct€communication€of€the€threat€to€a€public€officer€orÏemployee;€(3)€the€intent€to€influence€the€performance€of€the€officer€orÏemployeeððs€official€duties;€and€(4)€the€apparent€ability€to€carry€out€theÏthreat.ðð€(63€Ô_ÔCal.Opps.Atty.GenÔ_Ô.€5,€7€(1980).)ððÐ ` x` x ÐÌà  àC.à0 ` àDirect€Communication.Шø` (#` (# ÐÌà  àà8 ` àIn€òòPeople€v.€Ô_ÔZendejasÔ_Ôóó€(1987)€196€Cal.App.3d€367,€a€public€transitÐ €Ð Ðagency€manager€sent€a€letter€to€an€employee€on€medical€leave,Ïrequesting€proof€of€medical€clearance€to€return€to€work,€andÏthreatening€the€worker€with€termination€if€he€did€not€comply.€TheÏworker€called€and€left€a€message€on€an€answering€machine€for€theÏmanager,€threatening€to€come€down€with€a€gun€and€blow€his€brainsÏout.€€He€later€called€the€agency€and€spoke€to€a€person€who€said€he€didÏnot€know€the€manager.€€The€worker€told€him€to€give€the€manager€theÏmessage€that€if€the€manager€kept€bothering€him,€he€would€take€a€gunÏand€blow€his€brains€out.Ð ` x` x ÐÌà  àà8 ` àCourt€of€Appeal€held€that€this€was€sufficient€evidence€of€directÏcommunication€of€the€threat.€€Says€language€meant€to€insure€thatÏmessage€actually€reached€the€public€officer€personally,€rather€thanÏruling€out€possible€communication€via€intermediary.Ðh+¸&*` x` x Їà  àD.à8 ` àSpecific€Intent€to€Influence€the€Performance€of€an€Officerððs€orÐ ° ÐEmployeeððs€Official€Duties.Ð ` x` x ÐÌà  àà8 ` àIn€òòPeople€v.€Ô_ÔTuilaepaÔ_Ôóó€(1992)€4€Cal.4th€569,€590,€D,€while€locked€inÐ tÄ Ðcell,€made€sexual€taunts€and€death€threats€to€two€female€Ô_ÔCYAÔ_ÔÏemployees,€and€when€admonished€by€a€male€guard€not€to€cut€theÏseams€of€his€pants,€threatened€to€burn€the€pants€and€the€guardððs€face.€ÏSupreme€Court€finds€insufficient€evidence€that€D€harbored€theÏrequisite€intent€to€interfere€with€the€performance€of€official€duties.€ÏSays€response€to€male€guardððs€criticism€ð ðwas€obviously€intended€asÏan€angry€retort.ðð€€(òòIbidóó.)Ðè 8 ` x` x ÐÌà  àà8 ` àIn€òòPeople€v.€Hopkins,€supraóó,€149€Cal.App.3d€36,€court€reversesÐ À  Ðbecause€although€jury€instructed€in€language€of€statute€that€D€had€toÏhave€intended€to€cause,€attempted€to€cause,€or€caused€interferenceÏwith€official€duties,€court€also€gave€general€intent€instruction.Ð ` x` x ÐÌà  àà8 ` àAlso,€threat€must€be€related€to€interference€with€performance€ofÏòòlegitimateóó€duties.€€òòPeople€v.€Ô_ÔZendejasÔ_Ô,€supraóó,€196€Cal.App.3d€at€p.Ð H˜ Ð378€stated€that€while€the€public€official€need€not€be€engaged€in€aÏnormal€or€customary€duty,€there€must€be€proof€that€the€duty€intendedÏto€be€interfered€with€was€a€legitimate€duty.Ð ` x` x ÐÌà  àE.à8 ` àReasonably€Appears€That€Such€Threat€Could€Be€Carried€Out.Ðä4` x` x ÐÌà  àà8 ` àIn€òòPeople€v.€Ô_ÔTuilaepaÔ_Ô,€supraóó,€4€Cal.4th€569,€Supreme€Court€also€heldÐ ¼  Ðevidence€insufficient€to€create€a€reasonable€belief€that€the€threatÏwould€be€carried€out.€€Notes€lack€of€evidence€of€any€prior€attacks€onÏÔ_ÔCYAÔ_Ô€guards,€fact€D€locked€in€cell€when€he€threatened€the€two€womenÏguards,€and€that€recipients€indicated€they€did€not€actually€fear€for€theirÏsafety.Ð ` x` x ÐÌà  àF.à8 ` àUnder€Accusatory€Pleading€Test,€Section€71€Violation€May€Be€aÐ 0"€  ÐLesser€Included€Offense€of€a€Section€422€Violation.Ð ` x` x ÐÌà  àà8 ` àIn€òòIn€re€Marcus€T.óó€(2001)€89€Cal.App.4th€468,€a€minor€threatened€aÐ ô$D # Ðuniformed€officer€of€a€school€district€who€made€him€stop€smoking€onÏcampus€and€was€taking€him€to€the€school€deanððs€office.€€The€threatÏwas€to€ð ðÔ_ÔfuckÔ_Ô€you€up€.€.€.€take€you€out.ðð€€The€minor€was€charged€withÏviolating€both€section€71€and€section€422.€€The€appellate€court€holdsÏthat€with€exception€of€element€that€the€minor€had€threatened€to€injureÏthe€officials€ð ðperson€òòandóó€òòpropertyóó,ðð€the€section€71€violation€was€aÐ |*Ì%) Ðlesser€included€offense€of€the€section€422€violation.€€Appellate€courtÐ h+¸&* Ðremanded€to€Juvenile€Court€to€permit€it€to€strike€the€ð ðand€propertyððÏlanguage€from€the€section€602€petitionñoñ€to€conform€to€proofñoñ,€and€toÏthereafter€dismiss€the€section€71€violation€as€a€lesser€includedÏoffense.€Ô_ÔSubtextÔ_Ô:€Juvenile€Court€did€not€want€minor€to€have€twoÏfelonies€because€any€felony€thereafter€could€be€tried€in€adult€courtÏunder€Prop.€21.Ð ` x` x ÐÌò òIII.à8  àPENAL€CODE€SECTION€136.1:€WITNESS€DISSUASIONÐ$ tÐ Ð  ÐÌà  àó óA.à0 ` àText€of€Statute€and€Definition€of€Terms:Ðü L ` (#` (# ÐÌà  àà8 ` à1.à0¸ ` x` xàSection€136.1:ÐÔ$ ¸ x¸ x ÐÌà  àà ` àà8 ¸ à(a)€€Except€as€provided€in€subdivision€(c),€any€personÏwho€does€any€of€the€following€is€guilty€of€a€publicÏoffense€and€shall€be€punished€by€imprisonment€in€aÏcounty€jail€for€not€more€than€one€year€or€in€the€stateÏprison:Ð ¸ ¸  Ðà  àà ` àà8 ¸ à(1)€Knowingly€and€maliciously€prevents€or€dissuadesÏany€witness€or€victim€from€attending€or€givingÏtestimony€at€any€trial,€proceeding,€or€inquiryÏauthorized€by€law.Ð ¸ ¸  ÐÌà  àà ` àà8 ¸ à(2)€Knowingly€and€maliciously€òòattemptsóó€to€prevent€orÐ ä4 Ðdissuade€any€witness€or€victim€from€attending€orÏgiving€testimony€at€any€trial,€proceeding,€or€inquiryÏauthorized€by€law.Ð ¸ ¸  ÐÌà  àà ` àà8 ¸ à(3)€For€purposes€of€this€section,€evidence€that€theÏdefendant€was€a€family€member€who€interceded€in€anÏeffort€to€protect€the€witness€or€victim€shall€create€aÏpresumption€that€the€act€was€without€malice.Ð ¸ ¸  ÐÌà  àà ` àà8 ¸ à(b)€Except€as€provided€in€subdivision€(c),€everyÏperson€who€attempts€to€prevent€or€dissuade€anotherÏperson€who€has€been€the€victim€of€a€crime€or€who€isÏa€witness€to€a€crime€from€doing€any€of€the€followingÏis€guilty€of€a€public€offense€and€shall€be€punished€byÏimprisonment€in€a€county€jail€for€not€more€than€oneÏyear€or€in€the€state€prison:Ð ¸ ¸  ÐÌà  àà ` àà8 ¸ à(1)€Making€any€report€of€that€victimization€to€anyÏpeace€officer€or€state€or€local€enforcement€officer€orÐ h+¸&* Ðprobation€or€parole€or€correctional€officer€orÏprosecuting€agency€or€to€any€judge.Ð ¸ ¸  ÐÌà  àà ` àà8 ¸ à(2)€Causing€a€complaint,€indictment,€information,Ïprobation€or€parole€violation€to€be€sought€andÏprosecuted,€and€assisting€in€the€prosecution€thereof.Ð ¸ ¸  ÐÌà  àà ` àà8 ¸ à(3)€Arresting€or€causing€or€seeking€the€arrest€of€anyÏperson€in€connection€with€that€victimization.Ð ¸ ¸  ÐÌà  àà ` àà8 ¸ à(c)€Every€person€doing€any€of€the€acts€described€inÏsubdivision€(a)€or€(b)€knowingly€and€maliciouslyÏunder€any€one€or€more€of€the€followingÏcircumstances,€is€guilty€of€a€felony€punishable€byÏimprisonment€in€the€state€prison€for€two,€three,€or€Ïfour€years€under€any€of€the€following€circumstances.Ð ¸ ¸  ÐÌà  àà ` àà8 ¸ à(1)€Where€the€act€is€accompanied€by€force€or€by€anÏexpress€or€implied€threat€of€force€or€violence,€upon€aÏwitness€or€victim€or€any€third€person€or€the€propertyÏof€any€victim,€witness,€or€any€third€person.Ð ¸ ¸  ÐÌà  àà ` àà8 ¸ à(2)€Where€the€act€is€in€furtherance€of€a€conspiracy.Ð ¸ ¸  ÐÌà  àà ` àà8 ¸ à(3)€Where€the€act€is€committed€by€any€person€who€hasÏbeen€convicted€of€any€violation€of€this€section,€anyÏpredecessor€law€hereto€or€any€federal€statute€or€statuteÏof€any€other€state€which€if€the€act€prosecuted€wasÏcommitted€in€this€state,€would€be€a€violation€of€thisÏsection.Ð ¸ ¸  Ðà  àà ` àà8 ¸ àòòòòóóóóÐ ¸ ¸  Ðà  àà ` àà8 ¸ à(4)€Where€the€act€is€committed€by€any€person€forÏpecuniary€gain€or€for€any€other€consideration€actingÏupon€the€request€of€any€other€person.€€All€parties€toÏsuch€a€transaction€are€guilty€of€a€felony.Ð ¸ ¸  ÐÌà  àà ` àà8 ¸ à(d)€Every€person€attempting€the€commission€of€anyÏact€described€in€subdivisions€(a),€(b),€and€(c)€is€guiltyÏof€the€offense€attempted€without€regard€to€success€orÏfailure€to€the€attempt.€€The€fact€that€no€person€wasÏinjured€physically,€or€in€fact€intimidated,€shall€be€noÏdefense€against€any€prosecution€under€this€section.Ð ¸ ¸  ÐÐ h+¸&* Ðà  àà ` àà8 ¸ à(e)€Nothing€in€this€section€precludes€the€imposition€ofÏan€enhancement€for€great€bodily€injury€where€theÏinjury€inflicted€is€significant€or€substantial.Ð ¸ ¸  ÐÌà  àà ` àà8 ¸ à(f)€The€use€of€force€during€the€commission€of€anyÏoffense€described€in€subdivision€(c)€shall€beÏconsidered€a€circumstance€in€aggravation€of€the€crimeÏin€imposing€a€term€of€imprisonment€under€subdivision€Ï(b)€of€Section€1170.Ð ¸ ¸  ÐÌà  àà ` à2.à0 ¸ àSection€136:Ðè 8 ¸ (#¸ (# ÐÌà  àà ` àà8 ¸ à€As€used€in€this€chapter:Ð ¸ ¸  ÐÌà  àà ` àà8 ¸ à(1)€ð ðMaliceðð€means€an€intent€to€vex,€annoy,€harm,€orÏinjure€in€any€way€another€person,€or€to€thwart€orÏinterfere€in€any€manner€with€the€orderlyÏadministration€of€justice.Ð ¸ ¸  Ðà  àà ` àà8 ¸ à(2)€ð ðWitnessðð€means€any€natural€person,€(Ô_ÔiÔ_Ô)€havingÏknowledge€of€the€existence€or€nonexistence€of€factsÏrelating€to€any€crime,€or€(ii)€whose€declaration€underÏoath€is€received€or€has€been€received€as€evidence€forÏany€purpose,€or€(iii)€who€has€reported€any€crime€toÏany€peace€officer,€prosecutor,€probation€or€paroleÏofficer,€correctional€officer€or€judicial€officer,€or€(iv)Ïwho€has€been€served€with€a€subpoena€issued€under€theÏauthority€of€any€court€in€the€state,€or€of€any€other€stateÏor€of€the€United€States,€or€(v)€who€would€be€believedÏby€any€reasonable€person€to€be€an€individualÏdescribed€in€subparagraphs€(Ô_ÔiÔ_Ô)€to€(iv),€inclusive.Ð ¸ ¸  ÐÌà  àà ` àà8 ¸ à(3)€ð ðVictimðð€means€any€natural€person€with€respect€toÏwhom€there€is€reason€to€believe€that€any€crime€asÏdefined€under€the€laws€of€this€state€or€any€other€stateÏor€of€the€United€States€is€being€or€has€beenÏperpetrated€or€attempted€to€be€perpetrated.Ð ¸ ¸  ÐÌà  àB.à8 ` àAttempts€to€Influence€Testimony€Do€Not€Come€Within€SectionÐ Ì&"% Ð136.1.Ð ` x` x ÐÌà  àà8 ` àIn€òòPeople€v.€Fernandezóó€(2003)€106€Cal.App.4th€943,€defendant€wasÐ )à$( Ðprosecuted€under€section€136.1,€subdivision€(b)(1),€for€attempting€toÏdissuade€a€victim€from€making€a€report€to€a€judge,€based€onÐ h+¸&* Ðattempting€to€have€witness€feign€lack€of€memory€of€offense€atÏpreliminary€hearing.€€Court€of€Appeal€holds€that€it€would€not€construeÏð ðreport€to€a€judgeðð€to€include€testimony,€because€section€137Ïspecifically€forbids€efforts€to€change€the€content€of€a€witnessððsÏtestimony.€€Review€of€entire€statutory€scheme€convinces€court€thatÏwhen€Legislature€intends€to€penalize€an€effort€to€influence€or€preventÏtestimony,€it€does€so€explicitly.€€Would€disrupt€LegislatureððsÏcalibrated€punishment€scheme€to€permit€felony€conviction€underÏsection€136.1,€rather€than€misdemeanor€conviction€of€section€137.Ð ` x` x ÐÌà  àC.à8 ` àSection€136.1,€subdivision€(b)€Limited€to€Pre„Arrest€Efforts€toÐ è 8  ÐPrevent€or€Dissuade.Ð ` x` x ÐÌà  àà8 ` àIn€òòPeople€v.€Ô_ÔHallockÔ_Ôóó€(1989)€208€Cal.App.3d€595,€informationÐ ¬ü  Ðcharged€violation€of€section€136.1,€subdivision€(c)(1)€for€violation€ofÏsubdivision€(b),€prevention€of€making€report€of€victimization,€byÏmeans€of€threat€of€force€or€violence,€but€jury€instruction€gaveÏelements€of€subdivision€(a),€prevention€of€witness€from€testifying.ÏEvidence€was€that€after€sexual€assault,€defendant€had€said€ð ðif€you€tellÏanybody€anything€that€happened€tonight.€.€.€Iððll€blow€your€house€up.ðð€ÏCourt€of€Appeal€reverses€for€instructional€error.€€Says€threat€notÏsufficiently€broad€to€show€violation€of€subdivision€(a),€could€onlyÏreasonably€have€been€directed€toward€prevention€of€reporting.€ÏReverses€because€jury€not€instructed€on€specific€elements€ofÏsubdivision€(b),€nor€did€court€give€instruction€which€defined€theÏð ðknowingly€and€maliciouslyðð€elements.Ð ` x` x ÐÌà  àD.à8 ` àWatch€Out€For€Potential€Adverse€Sentencing€Consequences€FromÐ ”ä ÐPenal€Code€section€1170.15.Ð ` x` x ÐÌà  àà8 ` à1.à0¸ ` x` xàText€of€Penal€Code€section€1170.15:ÐX ¨¸ x¸ x ÐÌà  àà ` àà8 ¸ àNotwithstanding€subdivision€(a)€of€Section€1170.1Ïwhich€provides€for€the€imposition€of€a€subordinateÏterm€for€a€consecutive€offense€of€one„third€of€theÏmiddle€term€of€imprisonment,€if€a€person€is€convictedÏof€a€felony,€and€of€an€additional€felony€that€is€aÏviolation€of€section€136.1€for€137€and€that€wasÏcommitted€against€the€victim€of,€or€a€witness€orÏpotential€witness€with€respect€to,€or€a€person€who€wasÏabout€to€give€material€information€pertaining€to,€theÏfirst€felony,€or€of€a€felony€violation€of€Section€653fÏthat€was€committed€to€dissuade€a€witness€or€potentialÐ h+¸&* Ðwitness€to€the€first€felony,€the€subordinate€term€forÏeach€consecutive€offense€that€is€a€felony€described€inÏthis€section€shall€consist€of€the€full€middle€term€ofÏimprisonment€for€the€felony€for€which€a€consecutiveÏterm€of€imprisonment€is€imposed,€and€shall€includeÏthe€full€term€prescribed€for€any€enhancementsÏimposed€for€being€armed€with€or€using€a€dangerous€orÏdeadly€weapon€or€a€firearm,€or€for€inflicting€greatÏbodily€injury.€€Ð ¸ ¸  ÐÌà  àà8 ` à2.à0¸ ` x` xàProblem:€court€imposes€one„third€of€middle€term€for€violationÐ è 8  Ðof€section€136.€€Under€section€1170.15,€òòifóó€consecutive€term€isÐ Ô$  Ðimposed€for€section€136€committed€on€victim€or€witness€orÏpotential€witness€of€any€other€felony€count€of€conviction,Ïòòmustóó€be€full€middle€term.Ð˜è ¸ x¸ x ÐÌà  àE.à8 ` àð ðIntimidation€of€Victims€or€Witnesses,€In€Violation€of€Section€136.1"Ð pÀ ÐAdded€to€List€of€Serious€Felonies€Effective€March€8,€2000,€by€Prop.Ï21.€€(See€Section€1192.7,€subdivision€(c)(37).)Ð ` x` x ÐÌà  àà8 ` àPotential€issues:€Does€any€violation€of€Penal€Code€section€136.1Ïqualify€or€must€ð ðintimidationðð€be€alleged€and€proved€to€a€jury?Ð ` x` x ÐÌà  àà8 ` àWhat€about€subdivision€(a),€which€states€that€ð ðthe€fact€that€no€personÏwas€.€.€.€in€fact€intimidated€.€.€.€shall€be€no€defense€against€anyÏprosecution€.€.€.€.ðð?Ð ` x` x ÐÌà  àF.à8 ` àIf€Single€Threat€Prohibited€Under€Both€Section€136.1€and€SectionÐ ”ä Ð422,€Multiple€Punishment€is€Precluded.Ð ` x` x ÐÌà  àà8 ` àòòPeople€v.€Mendozaóó€(1997)€59€Cal.App.4th€728,€defendant€threatenedÐ X ¨ Ðwomanñjñ,ñjññkñ€ñkññlñ€ñlñtwo€days€after€she€testified€against€his€brother€at€a€preliminaryÏexamiñgñañgñnñhñañhñtion.€€Jury€convictñiñeñiñs€defendant€of€violating€both€section€136.1Ïand€422.€€Appellate€court€rejects€prosecution€argument€that€singleÏthreat€had€dual€objectives€of€retaliation€for€past€testimony€andÏdissuasion€from€testifying€at€brotherððs€future€trial.€€Says€overall€intentÏwas€to€help€brother,€so€multiple€punishment€is€precluded.ñpñÐ ` x` x Ðñpñ