ÿWPC3 ‘ RC¬‚á •jÕ¹=NŽZ?aÞXÅ[ÛsŠü³=tù­ÕÙùÁnHÓ±c¬Ð×ý !ðþ¹©{fÁú˜3;Àå‰)nõÕJ*e¡×ÿà ¦ ? eÕ”:в¿âAmŒš©žÀlEIâÙóèå"ÜA ÿ×­f4š½~.4«ß³ÒèÏšš:hŒhÝÌ«¡ ]åQmß× ~B0õ¥IÆÙöNiòTtåS8íˆùëé»æZv¸Ž®ŠÛШ32x*µŸI$ì} $µkW9 l†ü ‹Ì Á«ÓêÚ­rmÝâ.D¬µv½eùìrJÐc¨f~"#!ÜUõNý %K 0(QU0Ny^ Çw@Ó4'6 m8 O c  y ™ « ÉNÝ 0 Nß-?[iƒ “ §§ » Ï ã ÷   ˜HP LaserJet 5SiÈÈ,,,,ÈÈ0(ÈhH  Z‹6Times New Roman RegularX($¡¡xÈhH  Z6Times New Roman Regularb).8‰     D  w w w w wˆ…N7ng Ô†3|x ÿU‹ÿÀÀÀGENERALEXISTINGAPPLICABILITYNOTICEINTERVENTIONREMOVAL1(ÍO$——ÔÿÔòòóóÔÿÔEXISTINGAPPLICABILITYNOTICEINTERVENTIONREMOVALÿÿSR;1653ÿÿSR;1657ÿÿSR;1660ÿÿSR;1662ÿÿSR;1666ÿÿSR;1670ÿÿSR;1673ÿÿSR;1677Ý ƒ!ÝÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXÔò òÓ  ÓÑ8€W@XXdìdÈ8ÑINDIAN€CHILD€WELFARE€ACTó óÐ ° ÐÓMÓÌGeneralÌñ ñÔ4‚Ý °ÔÝ‚ÍOÝÔÿÔòòÝ  ÝÔ5  Ôñ ñExisting€Indian€Family€Doctrineñ ñÔ6ßÔÝ‚ÍOóƒÝóóÔÿÔÝ  ÝÔ7Ý °!Ôñ ñÐ ° Ðñ ñÔ4‚Ý °ÔÝ‚ÍOÝÔÿÔòòÝ  ÝÔ5  Ôñ ñApplicabilityñ ñÔ6ÌÔÝ‚ÍOàƒÝóóÔÿÔÝ  ÝÔ7Ý & Ôñ ñÐ ° Ðñ ñÔ4‚Ý °ÔÝ‚ÍOÝÔÿÔòòÝ  ÝÔ5  Ôñ ñNoticeñ ñÔ6§ÔÝ‚ÍO»ƒÝóóÔÿÔÝ  ÝÔ7Ý ôéÔñ ñÐ °  Ðñ ñÔ4‚Ý °ÔÝ‚ÍOÝÔÿÔòòÝ  ÝÔ5  Ôñ ñInterventionñ ñÔ6{ÔÝ‚ÍOƒÝóóÔÿÔÝ  ÝÔ7Ý Ú½Ôñ ñÐ °  Ðñ ñÔ4‚Ý °ÔÝ‚ÍOÝÔÿÔòòÝ  ÝÔ5  Ôñ ñRemovalñ ñÔ6UÔÝ‚ÍOiƒÝóóÔÿÔÝ  ÝÔ7Ý À—Ôñ ñÐ °  ÐÌÔ% ‡ ÔGENERALÔ%† &Ô:Ìà  àICWA€is€federal€legislation€to€protect€Indian€people€and€their€culture€fromÏextinction.€€(25€U.S.C.€ðð€1902;€òòIn€re€Crystal€K.óó€(1990)226€Cal.App.3d€655,€661.)€€Thus,Ð °  ÐICWA€protects€not€just€individual€rights€but€also€the€interests€of€the€tribe.€€(òòMississippiÐ °  ÐBand€of€Choctaw€Indians€v.€Ô_ÔHolyfieldÔ_Ôóó€(1989)€490€U.S.€30,€52.)€€ð ðICWA€protects€theÐ °  Ðinterests€of€Indian€children€and€promotes€the€stability€and€security€of€Indian€tribes€andÏfamilies.ðð€€€(òòIn€re€Ô_ÔDesireeÔ_Ô€F.óó€(2000)€83€Cal.App.4th€460,€469.)Ð ° ÐÌà  àð ðIt€is€clear€then€that€the€Indian€child€welfare€crisis€is€of€massive€proportions€andÏthat€Indian€families€face€vastly€greater€risks€of€involuntary€separation€than€are€typical€ofÏour€society€as€a€whole.ðð€€H.R.€Rep.€No.€95„1386,€at€9€(1978),€òòreprinted€inóó€1978Ð ° ÐÔ_ÔU.S.C.C.A.N.Ô_Ô€7530,€7532.ÌÌà  àIndian€relationship€solely€an€issue€for€Congress.€€(òòSeminole€Tribe€of€Florida€v.Ð ° ÐFloridaóó€(1996)€517€U.S.€44,€60;€òòWorcester€v.€State€of€Georgiaóó€(1832)€31€U.S.€515,€561.)Ð ° ÐÌà  àð ðAlthough€the€Guidelines€do€not€have€a€binding€effect€on€this€court,€theÏconstruction€of€a€statute€by€the€executive€department€charged€with€its€administration€isÏentitled€to€great€weight.ðð€€(òòIn€re€Ô_ÔDesireeÔ_Ô€F.óó€(2000)€83€Cal.App.4th€460,€474;€accord,Ð ° ÐòòFresno€County€Dept.€of€Children€&€Family€Services€v.€Superior€Court€óó(2004)€122Ð °  ÐCal.App.4th€626,Ô#†XW@X‹Šã +#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô642„643;€òòIn€re€Ô_ÔKahlenÔ_Ô€W.óó€(1991)€233€Cal.App.3d€1414,€1422,€fn.€3;€òòInÐ °! Ðre€Krystal€D.óó€(1994)€30€Cal.App.4th€1778,€1801,€fn.€7;€òòIn€re€Ô_ÔJuniousÔ_Ô€M.óó€(1983)€144Ð °" ÐCal.App.3d€786,€792,€fn.7.)òòóó€€Guidelines€are€not€binding.€(òòIn€re€Michael€G.óó€(1998)€63Ð °# ÐCal.App.4th€70,€714.)ÌÌà  àšDetermination€that€half„siblings€did€not€qualify€is€not€determinative.€€BloodÏquantum€is€not€determinative.€€Enrollment€in€a€tribe€is€not€required.€€(òòDwayne€P.€v.Ð °'## ÐSuperior€Courtóó€(2002)€103€Ô‡Š2ù‹‹Šã ÔCal.App.4th€247,254;€Ô#†Šã ‹‹Š2ùÆ#ÔòòIn€re€Ô_ÔDesireeÔ_Ô€F.óó€(2000)€83Ð °($$ ÐCal.App.4th€460,€470;€šòòIn€re€Ô_ÔKahlenÔ_Ô€W.óó€(1991)233€Cal.App.3d1414,€1422;€òòIn€re€Ô_ÔJuniousÔ_ÔÐ °)%% ÐM.€óó(1983)€144€Cal.App.3d€786,€796;€òòIn€re€Jonathan€D.óó€(2001)€92€Cal.App.4th€105.)€òòóóÐ °*&& ÐÐ °+'' ÐÔ_Ôà  àIndian€tribe€must€be€federally€recognized.€€(25€U.S.C.€ðð€1903(8);€òòIn€re€Ô_ÔVanomiÔ_Ô€P.óóÐ ° Ð(1989)216€Cal.App.3d156;€òòIn€re€John€V.óó€(1992)€5€Cal.App.4th1201.)Ð ° ÐÌòòIn€re€S.B.€óó(2005)€130€Cal.App.4th€1148,€1156„1158:Ô#†XW@X‹Šã % #ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@ÔÐ ° Ðà8  àÔ‡Š2ù‹‹Šã Ôà ` àAmong€the€stated€purposes€of€the€ICWA€are€ð ðto€protect€the€bestÐ ° Ðinterests€of€Indian€children€and€to€promote€the€stability€and€security€ofÏIndian€tribes€and€families€by€the€establishment€of€minimum€FederalÏstandards€for€the€removal€of€Indian€children€from€their€families€and€theÏplacement€of€such€children€in€foster€or€adoptive€homes€which€will€reflectÏthe€unique€values€of€Indian€culture€....ðð€€(25€U.S.C.€ðð1902.)Ð Ð Ð  Ðà8  àà ` àIn€general,€the€ICWA€applies€to€any€state€court€proceedingÏinvolving€the€foster€care€or€adoptive€placement€of,€or€the€termination€ofÏparental€rights€to,€an€Indian€child.€€(25€U.S.C.€ðððð1903(1),€1911(1)„(3),Ï1912„1918,€1920,€1921.)€€ð ðIndian€child€ðð€is€defined€as€a€child€who€is€eitherÏ(1)€ð ða€memberÔ% ‡ ÔÔ%†¦Ô€of€an€Indian€tribeÔ% ‡ ÔÔ%†×Ôðð€or€(2)€ð ðeligibleÔ% ‡ ÔÔ%† Ô€for€membershipÔ% ‡ ÔÔ%†:Ô€in€anÏIndian€tribeÔ% ‡ ÔÔ%†kÔ€and€...€the€biological€childÔ% ‡ ÔÔ%†¨Ô€of€a€memberÔ% ‡ ÔÔ%† ÒÔ€of€an€IndianÏtribeÔ% ‡! ÔÔ%†!Ô....ðð€€(25€U.S.C.€ðð1903(4).)Ð Ð Ð  Ðà8  àà ` àWe€are€concerned€with€three€types€of€ICWA€provisions,€which€weÏwill€call€the€ð ðnotice€provisions,ðð€€the€ð ðsubstantive€provisions,ðð€and€theÏð ðenforcement€provision.ððÐ Ð Ð  Ðà8  àà ` àFirst,€under€the€notice€provisions,€if€ð ðthe€court€knows€or€has€reasonÏto€know€that€an€Indian€child€is€involved,ðð€the€social€services€agency€must€Ïð ðnotify€...€the€Indian€childððs€tribe,€by€registered€mail€with€return€receiptÏrequested,€of€the€pending€proceedings€and€of€their€right€of€intervention.ðð€Ï(25€U.S.C.€ðð1912(a).)€€ð ðIf€the€identity€or€location€of...the€tribe€cannot€beÏdetermined,ðð€the€notice€need€only€be€given€to€the€BIA.€€(òòIbidóó.)€€ð ðNo€fosterÐ ° Ðcare€placement€or€termination€of€parental€rights€proceeding€shall€be€heldÏuntil€at€least€ten€days€after€receipt€of€notice€by€...€the€tribe€or€the€[BIA].ðð€Ï(òòIbidóó.)а Ð Ð  Ðà8  àà ` àSecond,€under€the€substantive€provisions,€the€Indian€childððs€tribe€hasÏð ða€right€to€intervene€at€any€point€in€the€proceeding.ðð€€(25€U.S.C.€ðð1911(c).)€ÏAs€a€condition€of€any€foster€care€placement€or€termination€of€parentalÏrights,€the€court€must€find€ð ðthat€active€efforts€have€been€made€to€provideÏremedial€services€and€rehabilitative€programs€designed€to€prevent€theÏbreakup€of€the€Indian€family€and€that€these€efforts€have€provedÏunsuccessful.ðð€€(25€U.S.C.€ðð1912(d).)€€The€court€also€must€find,€based€atÏleast€in€part€on€the€ð ðtestimony€of€qualified€expert€witnesses,ðð€that€ð ðtheÏcontinued€custody€of€the€child€by€the€parent€...€is€likely€to€result€in€seriousÏemotional€or€physical€damage€to€the€child.ðð€€(25€U.S.C.€ðððð1912(e),€(f).)€ÏFor€a€foster€care€placement,€this€must€be€proven€ð ðby€clear€and€convincingÐ °+'' Ðevidence.ðð€€(25€U.S.C.€ðð1912(e).)€€For€termination€of€parental€rights,€itÏmust€be€proven€ð ðbeyond€a€reasonable€doubt.ðð€€(25€U.S.C.€ðð1912(f).)Ð Ð Ð  Ðà8  àà ` àThird€and€finally,€under€the€enforcement€provision,€on€the€petitionÏof€the€Indian€child,€a€parent€from€whose€custody€an€Indian€child€has€beenÏremoved,€or€the€Indian€childððs€tribe,€ð ðany€court€of€competent€jurisdictionððÏmust€invalidate€any€ð ðaction€for€foster€care€placement€or€termination€ofÏparental€rightsðð€that€violated€the€notice€provision€or€any€of€the€substantiveÏprovisions.€€(25€U.S.C.€ðð1914.)Ð Ð Ð  Ðà8  àà ` àA€host€of€subsidiary€requirements€have€been€adopted€to€implement,Ïinterpret,€and€enlarge€upon€this€statutory€language.€€These€requirements€areÏembodied€in:€€(1)€federal€regulations€(25€Ô_ÔC.F.R.Ô_Ô€ðð23.1€et€seq.),€which€areÏbinding€in€all€federal€and€state€courts€by€virtue€of€the€Supremacy€ClauseÏ(see€òòÔ_ÔOlszewskiÔ_Ô€v.€Scripps€Healthóó€(2003)€30€Cal.4th€798,€814);€(2)€federalÐ °  Ðð ðGuidelines€for€State€Courtsðð€(Guidelines)€(44€Ô_ÔFed.RegÔ_Ô.€67584€(Nov.€26,Ï1979)),€which€by€their€terms€are€ð ðnot€intended€to€have€binding€legislativeÏeffectðð€(ibid.);€(3)€a€state€rule€of€court€(Cal.€Rules€of€Court,€rule€1439);€(4)Ïseveral€ð ðmandatoryðð€state€Judicial€Council€forms€(JV-130,€JV-135;€see€alsoÏGov.€Code,€ðð68511);€and€(5)€sections€31„515€and€31„520€of€the€stateÏChild€Welfare€Services€Manual€of€Policies€and€Procedures€(CWS€Manual)ØØÑÈÑÙeƒ!ÙÏ(see€òòIn€re€AsiaLóó.€(2003)€107€Cal.App.4th€498,€506).€€[fn:€Available€atÐ ° Ð,€as€of€June€30,€2005.]Ð Ð Ð  Ðà8  àà ` àFor€example,€the€ICWA€notice€provisions,€by€their€terms,€apply€ifÏð ðthe€court€knows€or€has€reason€to€know€that€an€Indian€child€is€involvedÏ....ðð€€(25€U.S.C.€ðð1912(a).)€€The€ICWA€does€not€define€ð ðreason€toÏknow.ðð€€Neither€do€the€controlling€federal€regulations.€€(See€25€Ô_ÔC.F.R.Ô_ÔÏðð23.11(a).)€€The€Guidelines,€however,€require€ð ðthe€state€court€[to]€makeÏinquiries€to€determine€if€the€child€involved€is€a€member€of€an€Indian€tribeÏor€if€a€parent€of€the€child€is€a€member€of€an€Indian€tribe€and€the€child€isÏeligible€for€membership€in€an€Indian€tribe.ðð€€(Guidelines,€ððB.5.a,€44ÏÔ_ÔFed.RegÔ_Ô.€at€p.67588,€italics€added.)€€The€state€rule€of€court€provides€thatÏð ð[Ô_Ôt]heÔ_Ô€court€€[and]€the€county€welfare€department...have€an€affirmativeÏduty€to€inquire€whether€a€child€for€whom€a€[dependency]€petition€...€€is€toÏbe,€or€has€been,€filed€is€or€may€be€an€Indian€child.ðð€€(Cal.€Rules€of€Court,Ïrule€1439(d).)€€Judicial€Council€form€JV-135,€effective€January€1,€2005,Ïprovides€for€a€parent€to€indicate€whether€the€child€is€or€might€be€an€IndianÏchild.Ð Ð Ð  Ðà8  àà ` àThe€CWS€Manual,€finally,€provides€that€ð ðthe€social€worker€shall:€Ï[ðð]€€...€€[Ô_Ôi]dentifyÔ_Ô€in€the€petition€that€the€child€is€or€may€be€an€Indian€childÏas€defined€by€the€ICWA.ðð€€(CWS€Manual,€ðð31-515.)€€ð ðTo€make€such€aÏdetermination,€the€social€worker€shall€ask€the€child,€his€parent€or€custodianÐ °+'' Ðwhether€the€child€is€or€may€be€a€member€of€an€Indian€tribe,€or€whether€theÏchild€identifies€himself/herself€as€a€member€of€a€particular€IndianÏorganization.ðð€€(CWS€Manual,€ðð31-515.111.)€€If€the€childððs€Indian€statusÏcannot€be€determined€before€the€first€hearing,€the€social€worker€mustÏð ð[Ô_Ôa]dviseÔ_Ô€the€court€of€all€information€which€indicates€that€the€child€may€beÏan€Indian€child,ðð€ð ð[Ô_Ôa]dviseÔ_Ô€the€court€of€all€efforts€made€to€establish€theÏchildððs€status€as€an€Indian€child,ðð€and€ð ð[Ô_Ôc]ontinueÔ_Ô€contacts€with€the€BIAÏuntil€the€question€of€the€childððs€status€as€an€Indian€child€...€has€beenÏresolved€and€the€resolution€is€documented€in€the€case€record€for€futureÏreference.ðð€€(CWS€Manual,€ðð31-515.2.)Ð Ð Ð  Ðà8  àà ` àThe€ICWA€expressly€permits€ð ð[Ô_Ôs]tateÔ_Ô€or€[Ô_Ôf]ederalÔ_Ô€law€[to]€provide[]Ïa€higher€standard€of€protection€...€than€the€rights€provided€underðð€theÏICWA.€€(25€U.S.C.€ðð1921.)€€This€simply€means,€however,€that€the€ICWAÏdoes€not€preempt€such€higher€state€standards.€€It€does€not€incorporate€suchÏhigher€state€standards€into€the€ICWA€itself.€€The€enforcement€provision,€byÏits€terms,€applies€only€to€violations€ð ðof€sections€1911,€1912,€and€1913€ofÏthis€titleðð€(25€U.S.C.€ðð1914);€it€does€not€purport€to€address€the€penalty€forÏother€violations€of€federal€or€state€law.Ô#†Šã ‹‹Š2ùW#ÔÔ#†XW@X‹Šã #ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@ÔаРР ÐÌà  àUnder€section€1911(a),€ICWA€creates€a€tribal€and€individual€right€of€action.€€(Ô‡Š2ù‹‹Šã ÔòòDoeÐ ° Ðv.€Mannóó€(9th€Cir.€2005)€415€F.3d1038,Ô#†Šã ‹‹Š2ù3#ÔÔ#†XW@X‹Šã n2#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô1047.)Ð ° ÐÌà  àð ðNoncompliance€with€ICWA€has€been€a€continuing€problem€in€juvenileÏdependency€proceedings€conducted€in€this€state€Ô#†XW@X‹Šã ²3#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô...Ô‡Š2ù‹‹Šã Ô€.Ô#†Šã ‹‹Š2ùµ4#ÔÔ#†XW@X‹Šã ‘4#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô€ðð€€(òòIn€re€I.G.€óó(2005)€133Ð ° ÐCal.App.4th€1246,€Ô#†XW@X‹Šã 5#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô1254„1255.)Ð ° ÐÌà  àDetermining€whether€a€tribe€should€be€federally€recognized€is€a€function€of€theÏexecutive€branch.€€(òòUnited€States€v.€Johnóó€(1978)€437€U.S.634,652„653.)€€CongressÐ ° Ðrequires€the€publishing€of€the€list€in€the€federal€register.€€(25€Ô#†XW@X‹Šã ¨5#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@ÔU.S.C.€ðð€Ô#†XW@X‹Šã 7#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô479a„1.)€€(òòAguaÐ °  ÐÔ_ÔCalienteÔ_Ô€Band€of€Ô_ÔCahuillaÔ_Ô€Indians€v.€Ô#†XW@X‹Šã d7#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@ÔSuperior€CourtÔ#†XW@X‹Šã 28#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô€(Fair€Political€Practices€Com.)óóÐ °! Ð(2006)€40€Ô#†XW@X‹Šã ‚8#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@ÔCal.4thÔ#†XW@X‹Šã 9#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô€239,€243,€fn.€1.)€Ð °" ÐÔ#†XW@X‹Šã O9#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@ÔÌÔ% ‡ ÔEXISTINGÔ%† Ù9Ô€INDIAN€FAMILY€DOCTRINE:€Ìà  àThe€Existing€Indian€Family€Doctrine€applies€to€block€intervention€or€action€fromÏintervention€by€a€tribe.€€(òòIn€re€Santos€Y.óó€(2001)€92€Cal.App.4th€1274€[2d€Dist.,€Div.€2:Ð °&"" Ðboy€in€adoptive€home€for€two€years€after€placed€there€when€3€months€old];€òòCrystal€R.€v.Ð °'## ÐSuperior€Courtóó€(1997)59€Cal.App.4th703,706,€overruled€in€òòÔ_ÔInÔ_Ô€re€Vincent€M.óó€(2007)Ð °($$ Ð150€Ô#†XW@X‹Šã ¹9#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@ÔCal.App.4thÔ#†XW@X‹Šã <#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô€1247,€1267;€see€also€òòÔ#†XW@X‹Šã ]<#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ôid.óó€at€p.Ô#†XW@X‹Šã ¸<#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô€1271€(conc.€opn.€of€Bamattre„Ô_ÔManoukianÔ_Ô,Ð °)%% ÐJ.)€[6th€Dist.];€òòIn€re€Bridget€R.óó€(1996)€41€Cal.App.4th€1483,€1497„1498€[2d€Dist.,€Div.€3:Ð °*&& Ðmust€live€on€reservation€or€be€culturally€or€socially€connected€to€the€Indian€community;Ð °+'' Ðtwins€in€adoptive€home€for€two€years€since€birth€after€mother€relinquished];€òòIn€reÐ ° ÐAlexander€Y.óó€(1996)€45€Cal.App.4th€1483€1493„1494€[4th€Dist.,€Div.€3];€cf.€òòIn€re€AliciaÐ ° ÐS.óó€(1998)€65€Cal.App.4th€79,€88€[5th€Dist.:€ð ðexisting€Indian€family€doctrine€not€exist€butÐ ° Ðstatute€allows€placement€with€non„Indian€for€good€cause];€òòIn€re€Ô_ÔWanomiÔ_Ô€P.óó€(1989)€216Ð ° ÐCal.App.3d€156,€168;€òòIn€re€Derek€W.óó€2(1999)€73€Cal.App.4th€828.)Ð ° ÐÌà  àBut€some€courts€have€rejected€the€doctrine.€€(See,€e.g.,€òòIn€re€Vincent€M.óó€(2007)Ð °  Ð150€Ô#†XW@X‹Šã =#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@ÔCal.App.4thÔ#†XW@X‹Šã >A#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô€1247,€1260„1267€[6th€Dist.];€Ô#†XW@X‹Šã ‹A#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@ÔòòAdoption€of€Hannah€S.óó€(2006)€142Ð °  ÐÔ#†XW@X‹Šã ëA#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@ÔCal.App.4thÔ#†XW@X‹Šã hB#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô€988,€994„996€[acknowledging€a€conflict€of€authority,€3d€Dist.€says€theÐ °  Ðdoctrine€does€not€apply€to€ICWA];€òòAdoption€of€Lindsay€C.óó€(1991)€229€Cal.App.3d€404Ð °  Ð[1st€Dist.];€òòIn€re€Crystal€K.óó€(1990)€226€Cal.App.3d€655€[3d€Dist.];€òòIn€re€Ô_ÔJuniousÔ_Ô€M.óóÐ °  Ð(1983)€144€Cal.App.3d€786€[the€tribe€makes€the€determination];€òòIn€re€Ô_ÔDesireeÔ_Ô€F.€óó(2000)Ð °  Ð83€Cal.App.4th€460,€472„475;€òòIn€re€Laura€F.óó€(2000)€83€Cal.App.4th€583,€595€[notÐ °  Ðfollow€full€faith€and€credit€clause];€òòIn€re€Naomi€Póó€(1989)€216€Cal.App.3d€156;€òòIn€reÐ °  ÐDerek€W.óó€(1999)€73€Cal.App.4th€828,€833.)€€The€tribe€exclusively€decides€who€is€anÐ ° ÐIndian€child.€€(òòIn€re€Ô_ÔJuniousÔ_Ô€M.óó€(1983)€144€Cal.App.3d€786,€793;€see€generally€òòSantaÐ ° ÐClara€Pueblo€v.€Martinezóó€(1978)€436€U.S.€19,€72,€fn.€32;€€òòóóÔ#†XW@X‹Šã µB#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ôbut€see€òòIn€re€Laura€F.óó€(2000)Ð ° Ð83€Cal.App.4th€583,€595€[not€follow€full€faith€and€credit€clause].)€€ð ðThe€only€exceptionsÏto€application€of€ICWAððs€provisions€have€been€specified€by€Congress;€judicial€creationÏof€additional€exceptions€of€any€kind€are€not€permitted.ðð€€(òòAdoption€of€Hannah€S.óó€(2006)Ð ° Ð142€Ô#†XW@X‹Šã G#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@ÔCal.App.4thÔ#†XW@X‹Šã «H#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô€988,€Ô#†XW@X‹Šã øH#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô996.)Ð ° ÐÌà  àEven€if€the€Existing€Indian€Family€Doctrine€might€apply,€notice€must€be€givenÏunder€ICWA€before€determining€whether€the€applies€because€the€tribe€has€a€right€toÏlitigate€the€issue.€€(òòIn€re€Ô_ÔSuzannaÔ_Ô€L.óó€(2002)€104€Cal.App.4th€223,€234,€236.)Ð ° ÐÌà  à9€states€adopted€the€Existing€Indian€Family€Doctrine:€Alabama,€Indiana,€Kansas,ÏKentucky,€Louisiana,€Missouri,€New€York,€Oklahoma,€Tennessee,€and€Washington.€€9Ïstates€rejected€the€doctrine:€Alaska,€Arizona,€Idaho,€Illinois,€Michigan,€Minnesota,€NewÏJersey,€South€Dakota,€and€Utah.€€(òòIn€re€Santos€Y.óó€(2001)€92€Cal.App.4th€1274;€òòóó1304,€fn.Ð °! Ð16.)€€The€doctrine€started€in€Kansas€soon€after€ICWA€was€enacted.€€(òòAdoption€of€HannahÐ °" ÐS.óó€(2006)€142€Ô#†XW@X‹Šã @I#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@ÔCal.App.4thÔ#†XW@X‹Šã ÐL#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô€988,€Ô#†XW@X‹Šã M#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô995,€citing€òòIn€re€Adoption€of€Baby€Boy€L.€óó(1982)€231Ð °# ÐKan.€199€[643€P.2d€168,€175].)Ìà  àCongress€rejected€amending€ICWA€in€1995„1996€session.€€The€United€StatesÏSupreme€Court€has€denied€certiorari€in€eight€cases.€€The€California€Supreme€Court€hasÏdenied€review.€€(òòIn€re€Santos€Y.óó€(2001)€92€Cal.App.4th€1274;€òòóó1205€&€fn.€17.)Ð °'## ÐÌà  àUnder€the€doctrine,€ICWA€applies€only€to€situations€to€which€a€child€is€not€beingÏremoved€from€an€existing€Indian€family.€€(òòIn€re€Santos€Y.óó€(2001)€92€Cal.App.4th€1274;Ð °*&& Ðòòóó1303.)Ð °+'' Їà  àð ð[Ô_ÔU]nderÔ_Ô€the€Fifth,€Tenth€and€Fourteenth€Amendments€to€the€United€StatesÏConstitution,€ICWA€does€not€and€cannot€apply€to€invalidate€termination€of€parentalÏrights€respecting€an€Indian€child€who€is€not€domiciled€on€a€reservation,€unless€the€childððsÏbiological€parent,€or€parents,€are€not€only€of€American€Indian€descent,€but€also€maintainÏa€significant€social,€cultural,€or€political€relationship€with€their€tribe.ðð€€(òòIn€re€Santos€Y.óóÐ ° Ð(2001)€92€Cal.App.4th€1274;€òòóó1306,€quoting€òòIn€re€Bridget€R.€óó(1996)€41€Cal.App.4thÐ °  Ð1483,€1492;€but€see€òòIn€re€Vincent€M.óó€(2007)€150€Ô#†XW@X‹Šã eM#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@ÔCal.App.4thÔ#†XW@X‹Šã ÅR#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô€1247,€Ô#†XW@X‹Šã S#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô1267€[ICWA€doesÐ °  Ðnot€violate€the€Tenth€Amendment€because€Ô#†XW@X‹Šã [S#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@ÔÔ_ÔWelfÔ_Ô.€&€Inst.€Code,€ððÔ#†XW@X‹Šã éS#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô€360.6€requires€the€stateÐ °  Ðcourt€to€comply€with€ICWA].)Ìà  àIt€violates€the€Equal€Protection€Clause€under€the€strict€scrutiny€test€becauseÏwithout€the€cultural€connection,€there€is€not€a€sufficient€compelling€state€interest€for€raceÏbased€disparate€treatment.€€(òòIn€re€Santos€Y.óó€(2001)€92€Cal.App.4th€1274;€òòóó1317„1321;€òòInÐ °  Ðre€Bridget€R.óó€(1996)€41€Cal.App.4th€1483,€1508„1510.)Ð °  Ðà  àIndian€child€is€arguably€not€a€ð ðpolitical€classificationðð€because€òòMorton€v.€Ô_ÔMancariÔ_ÔóóÐ °  Ð(1974)€417€U.S.€535,€553„554€involve€matters€of€exclusively€Indian€concern€and€hadÏalmost€no€application€to€other€situations€(òòRice€v.€Ô_ÔCayetanoÔ_Ôóó€(2000)€528€U.S.€495,€520).€Ð ° Ð(òòIn€re€Santos€Y.óó€(2001)€92€Cal.App.4th€1274;€òòóó1318„1319,€1321.)Ð ° Ðà  àNot€justified€by€ð ðIndian€Commerce€Clauseðð€of€Article€I,€section€8,€clause€3Ïbecause€there€was€no€substantial€nexus€between€Indian€commerce€and€child€custodyÏproceedings.€€€Thus,€under€Tenth€Amendment,€Congress€cannot€interfere€with€the€rightsÏof€the€states.€€(òòIn€re€Santos€Y.óó€(2001)€92€Cal.App.4th€1274;€òòóó1309,€1322„1323;€òòIn€reÐ ° ÐBridget€R.óó€(1996)€41€Cal.App.4th€1483,€1510„1511;€but€see€òòCounty€of€Oneida€v.€OneidaÐ ° ÐIndian€Nationóó€(1984)€470€U.S.€226,€234€[only€federal€government€can€regulate€relationsÐ ° Ðwith€Indians];€òòWorcester€v.€The€State€of€Georgiaóó€(1832)€31€U.S.€515,€561€[same].)Ð ° Ðà  àWelfare€and€Institutions€Code€section€360.6€cannot€override€federal€andÏconstitutional€authority.€€(òòIn€re€Santos€Y.óó€(2001)€92€Cal.App.4th€1274;€òòóó1317.)Ð ° ÐÌà  àOn€the€other€hand,€the€Existing€Indian€Family€Doctrine€is€not€found€in€the€federalÏstatute.€€(òòIn€re€Vincent€M.óó€(2007)€150€Ô#†XW@X‹Šã cT#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@ÔCal.App.4thÔ#†XW@X‹Šã i\#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô€1247,€1265.)€€It€is€a€ð ð[Ô_Ôc]ontroversialÔ_ÔÐ °  Ðjudicially€created€exception€to€the€Ô#†XW@X‹Šã ¶\#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@ÔICWA€that€has€become€known€as€the€ððexisting€familyÐ °! Ðdoctrine.ðð€ðð€€(òòIn€re€Vincent€M.óó€(2007)€150€Ô#†XW@X‹Šã {]#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@ÔCal.App.4thÔ#†XW@X‹Šã >^#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô€1247,€Ô#†XW@X‹Šã ‹^#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô1260.)Ð °" Ðà  àThe€Fourteenth€Amendment€does€not€apply€to€the€federal€government.€€Therefore,Ïthe€Equal€Protection€Clause€of€the€Fourteenth€Amendment€cannot€invalidate€ICWA.€ÏThere€is€an€equal€protection€component€of€the€Due€Process€Clause€to€the€FifthÏAmendment.€€ð ðThe€United€States€Supreme€Court€has€held€that€ðð[t]he€decisions€of€thisÏCourt€leaves€no€doubt€that€federal€legislation€with€respect€to€Indian€tribes,€althoughÏrelating€to€Indians€as€such,€is€not€based€upon€impermissible€racial€classification.ðð€Ï(òòUnited€States€v.€Antelopeóó€(1977)€430€U.S.€641,€645.)€€Instead,€tribal€Indians€belong€to€aÐ °)%% Ðpolitical€group€that€is€specially€recognized€by€federal€law€as€a€sovereign€nation.ðð€€(òòFlyntÐ °*&& Ðv.€California€Gambling€Control€Commissionóó€(2002)€104€Cal.App.4th€1125,€1141Ô#†XW@X‹Šã Ô^#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô.)€€InÐ °+'' ÐòòFlyntóó,€publisher€Larry€Flynt,€who€also€owned€card€rooms€in€Los€Angeles€sued€toÐ ° Ðinvalidate€under€the€Equal€Protection€Clause€Californiaððs€compact€with€Indian€tribes€toÏpermit€gambling€on€reservations€under€the€federal€Indian€Gaming€Regulatory€Act.€€TheÏAttorney€Generalððs€Office,€representing€the€state€gambling€commission,€successfullyÏargued€the€rational€basis€test€applied€and€the€statutes€were€valid.€€Ìà  àð ðIt€is€an€ððundisputed€fact€that€Congress€has€plenary€authority€to€legislate€for€theÏIndian€tribe€in€all€matters.ðð€€(òòUnited€States€v.€Wheeleróó€(1978)€435€U.S.313,319.)ððÔ#†XW@X‹Šã nb#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@ԀР°  ÐÔ‡Š2ù‹‹Šã ÔÔ#†Xæ0X‹Š2ùGe#ÔÔ‡Š2ù‹XXæ0Ô(òòPeopleÔ#†Šã ‹‹Š2ù|e#ÔÔ#†XW@X‹Šã ¾e#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô€v.€Ramirezóó€(2007)€128€Ô#†XW@X‹Šã -f#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@ÔCal.App.4thÔ#†XW@X‹Šã ‰f#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô€1464,€1474.)€€ð ðThe€plenary€power€ofÐ °  ÐCongress€to€deal€with€the€special€problems€of€Indiansðð€and€ð ðthe€assumption€of€aÏguardian„ward€statusðð€permitted€Congress€to€enact€laws€to€protect€the€interests€of€IndianÏtribes.€€(òòMorton€v.€Ô_ÔMancariÔ_Ôóó€(1974)€417€U.S.€535,€551„552.)€€The€statute€would€beÐ °  Ðconstitutional€ð ð[as]€long€as€the€special€treatment€can€be€tied€rationally€to€the€fulfillmentÏof€Congressðð€unique€obligation€toward€the€Indians.ðð€(òòId.óó,€at€p.€555.)€€ð ð[Ô_ÔT]hisÔ_Ô€preferenceÐ °  Ðdoes€not€constitute€ððracial€discrimination.ðð€€Indeed,€it€is€not€even€a€ððracialðð€preference.€ÏRather,€it€is€an€employment€criterion€reasonably€designed€to€further€the€cause€of€IndianÏself„government€and€to€make€the€BIA€more€responsive€to€the€needs€of€is€constituentÏgroups.€(òòId.óó,€at€pp.€€553„554,€fn.€omitted.)€€ð ðThe€preference€is€not€directed€towards€aÐ ° Ðððracialðð€group€consisting€of€ððIndiansðð;€instead,€it€applies€only€to€members€of€ððfederallyÏrecognizedðð€tribes.€€This€operates€to€exclude€many€individuals€who€are€racially€to€beÏclassified€as€ð ðIndians.ðð€€In€this€sense,€the€preference€is€political€rather€than€racial€inÏnature.€...€ðð€(òòId.óó,€at€p.€553,€fn.€24.)€€The€ð ðcentral€purpose€of€the€Indian€CommerceÐ ° ÐClause,ðð€according€to€the€Supreme€Court,€ð ðis€to€provide€Congress€with€plenary€power€toÏlegislate€in€the€field€of€Indian€affairs.ðð€€(òòCotton€Petroleum€Corp.€v.€New€Mexicoóó€(1989)Ð ° Ð490€U.S.€163,192.)€€Further,€the€Treaty€Clause€(U.S.€Const.,€art.€II,€ðð€2,€cl.€2)€does€notÏliterally€authorize€Congress€to€act€legislatively,€but€treaties€made€pursuant€to€that€powerÏcan€authorize€Congress€to€deal€with€matters€with€which€otherwise€ð ðCongress€could€notÏdeal.ðð€€(See€òòMissouri€v.€Hollandóó€(1920)€252€U.S.433.)€€Treaties€with€Indian€tribes€haveÐ ° Ðempowered€Congress€to€legislate€the€extent€of€a€tribeððs€sovereignty.€€(òòUnited€States€v.Ð ° ÐLaraóó€(2004)€541€U.S.193,€202„203.)€Ô#†XW@X‹Šã Öf#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@ÔÐ °  Ðà  àð ðThe€United€States€Supreme€Court€has€consistently€rejected€claims€that€laws€thatÏtreat€Indians€as€a€distinct€class€violate€equal€protection.€€[Citations.]€€The€differentÏtreatment€of€Indians€and€non„Indians€under€ICWA€is€based€on€the€political€status€of€theÏparents€and€children€and€the€quasi„sovereign€nature€of€the€tribe.€€[Citations.]€€We€applyÏthe€rational€basis€test€to€[the]€Countyððs€challenges,€and€we€conclude€ICWA€is€rationallyÏrelated€to€the€protection€of€the€integrity€of€American€Indian€families€and€tribes€and€isÏrationally€related€to€the€fulfillment€of€Congressððs€unique€guardianship€obligations€towardÏIndians.ðð€€(òòAdoption€of€Hannah€S.óó€(2006)€142€Ô#†XW@X‹Šã ¨o#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@ÔCal.App.4thÔ#†XW@X‹Šã ³r#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô€988,€Ô#†XW@X‹Šã s#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô996,€quoting€òòIn€theÐ °($$ ÐInterest€of€A.B.óó€(2003)€2003€N.D.€98€[663€N.W.2d€625,€636];€accord,€òòIn€re€Vincent€M.óóÐ °)%% Ð(2007)€150€Ô#†XW@X‹Šã Hs#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@ÔCal.App.4thÔ#†XW@X‹Šã 2t#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô€1247,€Ô#†XW@X‹Šã t#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô1266„1267.)Ð °*&& Ðà  àð ðAs€òòÔ_ÔMancariÔ_Ôóó€illustrates,€a€tribal€preference€is€not€transformed€from€a€political€to€aÐ °+'' Ðracial€classification€that€requires€strict€scrutiny€merely€because€the€vehicle€for€theÏpreference€consists€of€individual€members€of€tribes.ðð€€(òòArtichoke€Joeððs€v.€Nortonóó€(E.D.Ð ° ÐCal.€2002)€216€F.Supp.2d€1084,€1132.)€€ð ðIndividual€members€are€benefitted€[sic]€notÏbecause€they€are€Indian€per€se€but€because€they€are€members€of€tribes€that€have€enteredÏinto€compact€...Ô‡Š2ù‹‹Šã Ô€.Ô#†Šã ‹‹Š2ù6w#Ô€€ðð€(òòIbid.óó)€€The€Supreme€Court€ð ðhas€repeatedly€that€the€peculiarÐ ° ÐÔ_ÔsemisovereignÔ_Ô€and€constitutionally€recognized€status€of€Indians€justifies€special€treatmentÏon€their€behalf€when€rationally€related€to€the€Governmentððs€ððunique€obligation€towardÏthe€Indians.ðð€ðð€(òòWashington€v.€Fishing€Vessel€Assn.óó€(1979)€443€U.S.€658,€673,€fn.€20,Ð °  Ðquoting€òòÔ_ÔMancariÔ_Ô,€supra.óó)€€ð ðIt€is€settled€that€ððthe€unique€legal€status€of€Indian€tribes€underÐ °  Ðfederal€lawðð€permits€the€Federal€Government€to€enact€legislation€singling€out€tribalÏIndians,€legislation€that€might€otherwise€be€constitutionally€offensive.ðð€€(òòWashington€v.Ð °  ÐYakima€Indian€Nationóó€(1979)€439€U.S.€463,€500„501;€see€also€òòDelaware€Tribal€BusinessÐ °  ÐCom.€v.€Weeksóó€(1977)€430€U.S.€73,€85.)€€The€Supreme€Court€ð ðhas€never€overturned€aÐ °  Ðstatute€or€treaty€affecting€Indians€or€natives.ðð€€(òòWilliams€v.€Babbittóó€(9th€Cir.€1997)115Ð °  ÐF.3d€657,€663.)€€ð ð€ðð[Ô_ÔA]tÔ_Ô€least€during€the€first€century€of€Americaððs€national€existence€Ô#†XW@X‹Šã Èt#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô...Ô#†XW@X‹Šã Š|#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@ÔÐ ° ÐIndian€affairs€were€more€an€aspect€of€military€and€foreign€policy€than€a€subject€ofÏdomestic€or€municipal€law.ðð€€[Citation.]€€Insofar€as€that€is€so,€Congressðð€legislativeÏauthority€would€rest€in€part,€not€upon€ððaffirmative€grants€of€the€Constitution,ðð€but€uponÏthe€Constitutionððs€adoption€of€Ô_ÔpreconstitutionalÔ_Ô€powers€necessarily€inherent€in€anyÏFederal€Government,€namely€powers€that€this€Court€has€described€as€ððnecessaryÏconcomitants€of€nationality.ðð€[Citations.]ðð€€(òòUnited€States€v.€Laraóó€(2004)€541€U.S.€193,Ð ° Ð201.)ÌÔ#†XW@X‹Šã Ñ|#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ôà  àð ðMuch€of€the€theory€that€underpins€Indian€Law€is€that€the€Indian€tribes€possessedÐ ° Ðcertain€sovereign€rights€based€on€their€existence€as€distinctive€political€entities€exercisingÏauthority€over€their€members€prior€to€the€incorporation€of€their€territory€into€the€UnitedÏStates,€òòUnited€States€v.€Wheeleróó,€435€U.S.313,322€(1978);€thus,€ððtribes€retain€whateverÐ ° Ðsovereignty€they€had€as€the€original€inhabitants€of€this€continent€to€the€extent€thatÏsovereignty€has€not€been€removed€by€Congress.ðð€òòMontana€v.€Ô_ÔGilhamÔ_Ôóó,€133€F.3d€1133,Ð ° Ð1137€(9th€Cir.€1998).ðð€€(òòÔ_ÔKahawaiolaaÔ_Ô€v.€Nortonóó€(9th€Cir.€2004)€386€F.3d€1271,€1272.)€Ð °  Ðð ðHistorically,€a€formal€relationship€between€the€United€States€and€American€IndianÏTribes€has€been€political,€rather€than€race€based€Ô#†XW@X‹Šã €#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô...Ô‡Š2ù‹‹Šã Ô€.Ô#†Šã ‹‹Š2ù‹ƒ#ÔÔ#†XW@X‹Šã gƒ#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô€Indeed,€historical€evidence€suggestsÐ °" Ðthat€ððthe€Founders€regarded€Indians€as€distinct€nations€to€be€dealt€with€diplomatically€andÏat€armððs€length.ðð€[Citation.]ðð€€(òòÔ_ÔKahawaiolaaÔ_Ô€v.€Nortonóó€(9th€Cir.€2004)€386€F.3d€1271,Ð °$  Ð1278.)€€ICWA€does€not€violate€due€process.€€(òòIn€re€Vincent€M.óó€(2007)€150€Ô#†XW@X‹Šã òƒ#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@ÔCal.App.4thÔ#†XW@X‹Šã µ…#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@ÔÐ °%!! Ð1247,€1265.)€Ô#†XW@X‹Šã †#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@ÔÐ °&"" ÐÔ#†XW@X‹Šã f†#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@ÔÌÔ% ‡ ÔAPPLICABILITYÔ%†݆Ô:Ìà  àICWA€applies€to€foster€placements,€guardianship,€and€delinquencies€when€theÏminor€commits€an€act€that€would€not€amount€to€a€crime€if€committed€by€an€adult€underÏWelfare€and€Institutions€Code€sections€300€et€seq.,€601,€602,€727„728;€Probate€CodeÐ °+'' Ðsections€1500€et€seq.€and€2112.€€Applies€to€termination€of€parental€rights€under€FamilyÏÔ_,ÔCode€sections€7660„7664€and€Welfare€and€Institutions€Code€sections€366.26,€727.31,Ïand€727.4.€€Applies€to€pre„adoptive€and€adoptive€placements€under€Family€Code€sectionÏ8500€et€seq.€and€Welfare€and€Institutions€Code€sections€366.26€and€727.31.€€It€does€notÏapply€to€divorce€proceedings€(25€U.S.C.€ðð€1903(1)),€but€does€apply€to€private€adoptions.€Ï(òòAdoption€of€Lindsay€C.óó€(1991)€229€Cal.App.3d€404;€òòIn€re€Crystal€K.óó€(1990)€226Ð °  ÐCal.App.3d€655;€òòIn€re€Jennifer€A.óó€(2002)€103€Cal.App.4th€692,€699,€701€[applies€inÐ °  Ðdependency€cases€where€the€minor€is€placed€in€foster€care,€though€eventually€placed€withÏthe€father].)ÌÌà  àICWA€has€no€practical€application€at€the€detention€hearing.€€(òòIn€re€S.B.€óó(2005)Ð °  Ð130€Cal.App.4th€1148,€Ô#†XW@X‹Šã ½†#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô1162.)€€It€applies€at€the€jurisdictional€and€dispositional€hearings.€Ð °  Ð(òòIn€re€S.B.€óó(2005)€130€Cal.App.4th€1148,€Ô#†XW@X‹Šã Ø‹#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô1164.)Ð °  ÐÌà  àICWA€does€not€apply€when€the€court€orders€family€maintenance.€€(òòIn€re€Alexis€H.óóÐ ° Ð(2005)€132€Cal.App.4th€11,€14„16.)ÌÌà  àð ðA€child€custody€proceeding€is€defined€to€include€any€proceeding€involving€fosterÏcare€placement,€termination€of€parental€rights,€Ô_,,ÔpreadoptiveÔ_,,Ô€placement,€or€adoptionÏproceedings.€€(25€U.S.C.€ðð€1903(1).)€€California€Rules€of€Court,€rule€1439(b)€providesÏthat€title€25€United€States€Code€sections€1911€and€1912,€in€the€ICWA€apply€to€ððallÏproceedings€under€section€300€et€seq.,€including€detention€hearings,€jurisdictionÏhearings,€disposition€hearings,€reviews,€hearings€under€section€366.26,€and€subsequentÏhearings€affecting€the€status€of€the€Indian€child.ðð€ðð€(òòIn€re€Ô_,,ÔDesireeÔ_,,Ô€F.óó€(2000)€83Ð ° ÐCal.App.4th€460,€473.)ÌÌà  àICWA€does€not€apply€to€marital€dissolutions€(25€U.S.C.€ðð€1903(1)),€but€maritalÏdissolutions€do€not€include€terminating€parental€rights.€€(òòAdoption€of€Lindsay€C.óóÐ ° Ð(1991)229€Cal.App.3d€404,€408€[private€adoption€by€step„father€from€Indian€father];€òòInÐ °  Ðre€Crystal€K.óó€(1990)€226€Cal.App.3d€655,661„662€[same].)€€Ð °! ÐÌà  àICWA€does€not€apply€to€delinquency€proceedings,€at€least€as€long€as€the€minor€isÏaccused€of€an€offense€which€would€be€a€crime€if€committed€by€an€adult.€€(25€Ô#†XW@X‹Šã £Œ#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@ÔU.S.C.€ðð€Ô#†XW@X‹Šã ¨’#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@ÔÐ °$  Ð1903(1);€òòIn€re€Enrique€O.óó€(2006)€137€Cal.App.4th€728,€732„736;€òòIn€re€Lindsay€C.óó€(1991)Ð °%!! Ð221€Cal.App.3d€404,€408.)ÌÌà  àð ðThe€courts€of€this€state€must€yield€to€governing€federal€law.ðð€€(òòIn€re€Ô_,,ÔDesireeÔ_,,Ô€F.óóÐ °($$ Ð(2000)€83€Cal.App.4th€460,€469.)Ìà  àICWA€does€not€pre„empt€state€law€unless€there€is€a€direct€conflict.€€(òòÔ_,,ÔLetittiaÔ_,,Ô€V.€v.Ð °*&& ÐSuperior€Courtóó€òòóó(2000)81€Cal.App.4th1009,1011;€òòIn€re€Michael€G.óó€(1998)€63Ð °+'' ÐCal.App.4th€700€[not€apply€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt€standard];€òòIn€re€Brandon€M.óóÐ ° Ð(1997)€54€Cal.App.4th€1387,€1399€[de€facto€parent].)ÌÌà  àJuvenile€court€shall€give€tribal€decisions€full€faith€and€credit.€€(25€U.S.C.€ððÏ1911(d);€but€see€òòIn€re€Laura€F.óó€(2000)€83€Cal.App.4th€583€[tribal€resolution€opposingÐ ° Ðadoption€not€a€judgment€entitled€to€full€faith€and€credit].)€€ð ðThe€tribeððs€decision€that€aÏchild€is€or€is€not€a€member,€or€eligible€to€be€a€member€is€determinative.ðð€(Cal.€Rules€ofÏCourt,€rule€1439(g)(1);€òòIn€re€Ô_,,ÔDesireeÔ_,,Ô€F.óó€(2000)€83€Cal.App.4th€460,€470.)Ð °  ÐÌà  àAn€alleged€father€cannot€contest€on€appeal€ICWA€issues.€€(Ô‡Š2ù‹‹Šã ÔòòIn€re€Daniel€M.€óó(2003)Ð °  Ð110€Cal.App.4th€703,€Ô#†Šã ‹‹Š2ù|˜#ÔÔ#†XW@X‹Šã ö’#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô707„708.)Ð °  ÐÌÔ% ‡ ÔNOTICE:Ô%†e™Ô€AFFIRMATIVE€DUTYÌà  àð ðThe€juvenile€court€and€the€county€welfare€department€have€an€affirmative€duty€toÏinquire€whether€the€child€subject€to€the€dependency€petition€òòis€or€may€beóó€an€Indian€child.€Ð ° Ð(Cal.€Rules€of€Court,€rule€1439(d).)ðð€€(òòIn€re€Ô_,,ÔDesireeÔ_,,Ô€F.óó€(2000)€83€Cal.App.4th€460,€470;Ð ° Ðaccord,€òòIn€re€Samuel€P.óó€(2002)€99€Cal.App.4th€1259,€1264€[error€to€not€give€copies€ofÐ ° Ðnotice€to€trial€court€for€determination,€though€copies€sent€to€the€court€of€appeal];€òòIn€reÐ ° ÐAntoinette€S.óó€(2002)€104€Cal.App.4th1401,€1413€[court€has€duty€to€inquire€on€ancestry];Ð ° Ðbut€see€òòIn€re€Rebecca€R.óó€(2006)€143€Ô#†XW@X‹Šã '™#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@ÔCal.App.4thÔ#†XW@X‹Šã ¨œ#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô€1426,€1429€[rule€of€court€requiring€aÐ ° Ðcontinuing€duty€does€not€apply€to€dependencies€which€began€before€Jan.€1,€2005Ô#†XW@X‹Šã õœ#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô].)Ð ° ÐÌà  àð ðWhile€the€petitioning€agency€may€have€the€duty€to€provide€ICWA€notice,€it€is€theÏrole€of€the€juvenile€court,€not€the€agency,€to€determine€whether€the€ICWA€notice€isÏproper.ðð€€(òòIn€re€Nikki€R.óó€(2003)106€Ô‡Š2ù‹‹Šã ÔCal.App.4thÔ#†Šã ‹‹Š2ùÛž#Ô€844,852.)Ð ° ÐÌà  àError€when€there€was€no€evidence€the€social€worker€asked€a€parent€about€IndianÏancestry.€€(òòIn€re€Ô_,,ÔJ.N.Ô_,,Ô€óó(2006)€138€Cal.App.4th€450,€Ô#†XW@X‹Šã À#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô461.)Ð ° ÐÌòòóóà  àPolicy:€ð ðOne€of€the€primary€purposes€of€giving€notice€to€the€tribe€is€to€enable€theÐ °! Ðtribe€to€determine€whether€the€child€involved€in€the€proceedings€is€an€Indian€child.ðð€€(òòInÐ °" Ðre€Ô_,,ÔDesireeÔ_,,Ô€F.óó€(2000)€83€Cal.App.4th€460,€Ô#†XW@X‹Šã   #ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô470.)€€ð ðNotice€is€a€key€component€of€theÐ °# Ðcongressional€goal€to€protect€and€preserve€Indian€tribes€and€Indian€families...Ô‡Š2ù‹‹Šã Ô€.Ô#†Šã ‹‹Š2ùk¢#Ô€WithoutÐ °$  Ðnotice,€these€important€rights€granted€by€the€Act€become€meaningless.ðð€€(òòIn€re€Ô_,,ÔKahlenÔ_,,Ô€W.óóÐ °%!! Ð(1991)233€Cal.App.3d1414,€1421.)€€This€is€because€ð ð€ððthe€statute€and€all€cases€applyingÏthe€Act€unequivocally€require€actual€notice€to€the€tribeðð€[or€the€Bureau€of€Indian€Affairs]Ïof€both€the€proceedings€and€of€the€right€to€intervene.€(òòId.óó,€at€p.€1422.)ðð€€(òòIn€re€Ô_,,ÔDesireeÔ_,,Ô€F.óóÐ °($$ Ð(2000)€83€Cal.App.4th€460,€469„470;€accord€òòIn€re€Samuel€P.óó€(2002)€99€Cal.App.4thÐ °)%% Ð1259,€1264„1265,€1267;€òòIn€re€Jeffrey€A.óó€(2002)€103€Cal.App.4th€1103,€1108,€citing€25Ð °*&& ÐÔ_,,ÔC.F.R.Ô_,,Ô€ðð€23.11(a).)€Ô#†XW@X‹Šã »¡#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô€ð ðThe€ICWA€presumes€it€is€in€the€best€interests€of€the€child€to€retainÐ °+'' Ðtribal€ties€and€cultural€heritage€and€in€the€interest€of€the€tribe€to€preserve€its€futureÏgenerations,€a€most€important€resource.ðð€€(òòIn€re€Ô_,,ÔDesireeÔ_,,Ô€F.óó€(2000)83€Ô‡Š2ù‹‹Šã ÔÔ#†Xæ0X‹Š2ùö¥#ÔÔ‡Š2ù‹XXæ0ÔCal.App.4thÔ#†Šã ‹‹Š2ù<§#ÔÔ#†XW@X‹Šã ~§#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô€460,Ð ° Ð469.)€ÌÔ#†XW@X‹Šã î§#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@ÔÌNOTICE:€€ððREASON€TO€KNOW€MIGHT€BE€INDIAN€CHILDððÌà  àð ðTo€ensure€a€tribeððs€right€to€intervene,€the€ICWA€requires€ððwhere€the€court€knowsÏor€has€reason€to€know€that€an€Indian€child€is€involved,ðð€the€party€seeking€termination€ofÏparental€rights€to€intervene.€€(25€U.S.C.€ðð€1912(a);€see€also€òòAdoption€of€Lindsay€C.óóÐ °  Ð(1991)€229€Cal.App.3d€404,€408.)ðð€€(òòIn€re€Ô_,,ÔDesireeÔ_,,Ô€F.óó€(2000)€83€Cal.App.4th€460,€469.)€Ð °  Кð ðThe€Indian€status€of€the€child€need€not€be€certain.€€Notice€is€required€whenever€the€courtÏknows€or€has€reason€to€believe€the€child€is€an€Indian€child.€€(ðð€1912(a)€...Ô‡Š2ù‹‹Šã Ô€.Ô#†Šã ‹‹Š2ù"«#Ô€€)ðð€€(òòIn€reÐ °  ÐÔ_,,ÔKahlenÔ_,,Ô€W.óó€(1991)233€Cal.App.3d1414,€1422;€š(25€U.S.C.€ðð€1912(a);€Cal.€Rules€ofÐ °  ÐCourt,€rule€1439(f);€òòIn€re€Antoinette€S.óó€(2002)€104€Cal.App.4th1401,€1407„1408€[only€aÐ °  Ðð ðminimal€showingðð€is€enough€to€trigger€notice€requirement;€fatherððs€suggestion€thatÏancestors€might€be€Indians€were€enough];€òòIn€re€Ô_,,ÔSuzannaÔ_,,Ô€L.óó€(2002)€104€Cal.App.4th€223,Ð ° Ð231„232€[when€maternal€grandparents€are€Indian€though€uncertain€as€to€which€tribe;Ïfailure€to€give€notice€of€right€to€intervene€renders€notice€defective];òòDwayne€P.€v.Ð ° ÐSuperior€Courtóó€(2002)€103€Ô‡Š2ù‹‹Šã ÔCal.App.4thÔ#†Šã ‹‹Š2ùR®#Ô€247,252,€256„258€[motherððs€statement€that€haveÐ ° Ðsome€Cherokee€blood€triggers€the€notice€requirement;€require€only€a€suggestion,Ïimplication,€or€hint€to€trigger€the€courtððs€sua€sponte€requirement];€òòIn€re€Samuel€P.óó€(2002)Ð ° Ð99€Cal.App.4th€1259,€1265„1266€[if€there€exists€ð ðprobable€causeðð€which€exists€whenÏgreat„great€grandparent€born€on€reservation,€great€grandparent€received€BIA€servicesÏuntil€1994,€aunt€went€to€Indian€school€and€was€tribal€council€member,€family€gaveÏnames];€see€òòIn€re€Ô_,,ÔAlliyahÔ_,,Ô€G.óó€(2003)€109€Cal.App.4th€939,€942€[enough€evidence€that€notÐ ° Ðan€Indian€child€when€parents€say€there€was€no€Indian€blood]Ô#†XW@X‹Šã Q¨#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô;€but€see€òòIn€re€O.K.óó€(2003)Ð ° Ð106€Cal.App.4th152,156„157€[information€from€paternal€grandmother€that€might€beÏIndian€blood€or€that€father€ð ðmay€have€Indian€in€himðð€too€vague€to€trigger€noticeÏrequirement];€òòIn€re€Aaron€R.óó€(2005)€130€Cal.App.4th€697,€Ô#†XW@X‹Šã Ÿ±#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô707„708€[grandmother€sayingÐ ° Ðshe€has€associated€with€a€tribe€not€enough€to€require€notice€or€to€require€further€inquiryÏby€CPS].)ÌÌà  àThere€exists€reason€to€believe€the€minor€might€have€Indian€heritage,€though€didÏnot€know€which€tribe;€should€give€notice€to€BIA.€€(òòIn€re€Joseph€P.óó€(2006)€140Ð °$  ÐÔ#†XW@X‹Šã ÿ²#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@ÔCal.App.4thÔ#†XW@X‹Šã ›´#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô€1524,€1530.)Ð °%!! ÐÌNOTICE:€€TO€ALL€TRIBESÌà  àð ðFormal€notice€of€the€proceedings€must€be€sent€to€all€tribes€in€which€the€minorÏmay€be€eligible€for€membership.€€(Rule€1439(f)(3)€...Ô‡Š2ù‹‹Šã Ô€.Ô#†Šã ‹‹Š2ù×µ#Ô€€)ðð€€(òòIn€re€Ô_,,ÔDesireeÔ_,,Ô€F.óó€(2000)€83Ð °)%% ÐCal.App.4th€460,€475„476;€accord,€òòIn€re€Ô_,,ÔMarinnaÔ_,,Ô€J.óó€(2001)€90€Cal.App.4th€731,€739„Ð °*&& Ð740;€but€see€òòIn€re€Edward€H.€óó(2002)€100€Cal.App.4th€1,€4„5Ô#†XW@X‹Šã è´#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô€[lack€of€notice€to€two€ofÐ °+'' Ðthree€Ô_,,ÔChocktawÔ_,,Ô€tribes€adequate€because€sent€notice€to€BIA];€òòIn€re€C.D.€óó(2003)€110Ð ° ÐCal.App.4th€214,€Ô#†XW@X‹Šã j·#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô227€[lack€of€notice€to€one€of€three€tribes€not€invalid€because€alsoÐ ° Ðserved€notice€to€BIA].)€€If€the€tribe€is€not€known,€notice€shall€be€sent€to€BIA.€€(RuleÏ1439(f)(4).)€€Lack€of€notice€to€BIA€harmless€when€tribe€already€said€minor€did€notÏqualify.€€(Ô‡Š2ù‹‹Šã ÔòòIn€re€Christopher€I.óó€(2003)€106€Cal.App.4th€533,€Ô#†Šã ‹‹Š2ù¥¹#Ô567.)Ð ° Ðà  àA€list€of€federally€recognized€tribes€are€found€at€65€Fed.€Reg.€13298€(Mar.€13,Ï2000)€and€67€Fed.€Reg.€46328€(July€12,€2002)€€A€list€of€the€proper€addresses€to€where€toÏsend€the€notices€is€at€66€Fed.€Reg.€74451€(Dec.€12,€2001).Ô#†XW@X‹Šã x¸#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@ÔÐ °  Ðà  àNotice€need€not€be€sent€to€a€tribe€which€has€been€absorbed€into€another€tribe.€€(òòInÐ °  Ðre€Louis€S.óó€(2004)€117€Cal.App.4th€622,€632„633.)Ð °  ÐÌà  àUnder€Ô#†XW@X‹Šã J»#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@ÔWelfare€and€Institutions€Code€sectionÔ#†XW@X‹Šã t¼#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô€224.2,€notice€must€be€sent€to€eachÐ °  Ðtribe,€even€if€notice€is€sent€to€BIA.€€(òòIn€re€Ô_,,ÔJ.T.Ô_,,Ô€óó(2007)€154€Ô#†XW@X‹Šã Û¼#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@ÔCal.App.4thÔ#†XW@X‹Šã ¹½#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô€986,€Ô#†XW@X‹Šã ¾#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô993„994.)Ð °  ÐÌÔ#†XW@X‹Šã N¾#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ôà  àFatherððs€last€minute€comment€that€might€be€from€a€certain€tribe€did€not€requireÐ ° Ðnew€notices.€€(òòIn€re€Joseph€P.óó€(2006)€140€Ô#†XW@X‹Šã ¯¾#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@ÔCal.App.4thÔ#†XW@X‹Šã ”¿#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô€1524,€1531.)Ð ° ÐÌNOTICE:€€TO€BIAÌà  àð ðif€the€identity€or€location€of€the€tribe€cannot€be€determined,€the€notice€shall€beÏgiven€to€the€Secretary€of€the€Interior.ðð€€(25€U.S.C.€ðð€1912(a);€òòIn€re€Antoinette€S.óó€(2002)Ð ° Ð104€Cal.App.4th1401,€1406;€òòIn€re€Louis€S.óó€(2004)€117€Cal.App.4th662,€632„633Ð ° Ð[notice€to€BIA€eliminated€need€to€notice€certain€known€tribes];€òòIn€re€Ô_,,ÔSuzannaÔ_,,Ô€L.óó€(2002)Ð ° Ð104€Cal.App.4th€223,€232€[if€the€tribe€is€unknown,€then€notify€BIA];€òòDwayne€P.€v.Ð ° ÐSuperior€Courtóó€(2002)€103€Ô‡Š2ù‹‹Šã ÔCal.App.4thÔ#†Šã ‹‹Š2ù’Â#Ô€247,€253€[if€the€tribe€is€unknown,€notify€BIA];Ð ° ÐòòIn€re€Edward€H.óó€(2002)€100€Cal.App.4th€1,€4€[even€if€a€tribe€is€known,€notice€to€BIA€isÐ ° Ðsufficient];€òòIn€re€Ô_,,ÔDesireeÔ_,,Ô€F.óó€(2000)€83€Cal.App.4th€460,€469;€òòIn€re€Ô_,,ÔKahlenÔ_,,Ô€W.óó€(1991)233Ð ° ÐCal.App.3d1414,€1422.)ÌÌÔ#†XW@X‹Šã á¿#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@ÔNOTICE:€€TO€INDIAN€CHAIRÐ °  Ðà  àNotice€was€defective€when€not€sent€to€the€Indian€chair€or€designated€agent€underÏCalifornia€Rules€of€Court,€rule€1439(f)(2).€€(òòNicole€K.€v.€Ô#†XW@X‹Šã ‹Ä#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@ÔSuperior€CourtÔ#†XW@X‹Šã •Å#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô€óó(2007)€146Ð °" ÐÔ#†XW@X‹Šã åÅ#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@ÔCal.App.4thÔ#†XW@X‹Šã JÆ#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô€779,€783€[sent€to€an€old€address];€òòIn€re€H.€A.€óó(2002)€103€Cal.App.4th€1206,Ð °# Ð1213.)Ìà  àSending€notice€to€the€incorrect€address€was€harmless€when€the€tribe€receivedÏactual€notice.€€(òòIn€re€Ô_,,ÔJ.T.Ô_,,Ô€óó(2007)€154€Ô#†XW@X‹Šã —Æ#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@ÔCal.App.4thÔ#†XW@X‹Šã íÇ#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô€986,€Ô#†XW@X‹Šã :È#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô994;€òòIn€re€Mary€G.óó€(2007)€151Ð °&"" ÐÔ#†XW@X‹Šã ‚È#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@ÔCal.App.4thÔ#†XW@X‹Šã üÈ#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô€184,€Ô#†XW@X‹Šã IÉ#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô211;€òòIn€re€Ô_,,ÔK.W.Ô_,,Ô€óó(2006)€144€Ô#†XW@X‹Šã ‘É#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@ÔCal.App.4thÔ#†XW@X‹Šã Ê#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô€1349,€1360;€but€see€òòNicole€K.Ð °'## Ðv.€Ô#†XW@X‹Šã aÊ#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@ÔSuperior€CourtÔ#†XW@X‹Šã ÜÊ#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô€óó(2007)€146€Ô#†XW@X‹Šã ,Ë#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@ÔCal.App.4thÔ#†XW@X‹Šã }Ë#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô€779,€Ô#†XW@X‹Šã ÊË#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô784€[though€someone€signed€the€returnÐ °($$ Ðreceipt,€there€was€no€evidence€the€person€was€authorized€when€notice€was€sent€to€theÏwrong€address€and€no€further€showing€of€prejudice€was€required].)ÌÐ °+'' Ðà  àBut€merely€because€a€return€receipt€was€signed€by€the€wrong€person€at€the€wrongÏaddress€does€not€indicate€the€notice€was€ñ ñproperly€sent.€€(ñ ññ ñòòIn€re€Ô_,,ÔJ.T.Ô_,,Ô€óó(2007)€154Ð ° ÐÔ#†XW@X‹Šã Ì#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@ÔCal.App.4thÔ#†XW@X‹Šã /Î#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ôñ ññ ññ ñ€ñ ññ ññ ñ€Ô_,,Ôñ ññ ñ986,Ô_,,Ô€Ô_,,ÔÔ#†XW@X‹Šã |Î#Ôñ ññ ññ ñÔ‡ŠCã‹XXW@ÔÔ#†XW@X‹ŠCã?Î#Ôñ ññ ññ ñÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ôñ ññ ñ994.)ñ ñÔ_,,ÔÐ ° ÐÌÔ#†XW@X‹Šã }Ï#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@ÔNOTICE:€€TIMELINESS€OF€DISCOVERY€NOT€RELEVANTÐ ° Ðà  àð ðNotice€is€mandatory,€regardless€of€how€late€in€the€proceedings€a€childððs€possibleÏIndian€heritage€is€uncovered.ðð€€(òòIn€re€Ô_,,ÔKahlenÔ_,,Ô€W.óó€(1991)€233€Cal.App.3d€1414,€1424;€òòInÐ °  Ðre€Ô_,,ÔSuzannaÔ_,,Ô€L.óó€(2002)€104€Cal.App.4th€223,€231;€òòIn€re€Jonathan€D.óó€(2001)92Ð °  ÐCal.App.4th€105,€111;€accord,€òòIn€re€Ô_,,ÔDesireeÔ_,,Ô€F.óó€(2000)€83€Cal.App.4th€460,€472;€but€seeÐ °  ÐòòIn€re€S.M.óó€(2004)€118€Cal.App.4th€1108,€Ô#†XW@X‹Šã ùÏ#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô1115,€fn.€3€[in€dictum,€stating€a€parent€shouldÐ °  Ðnot€be€able€to€raise€ICWA€for€the€first€time€on€an€appeal€òòóófrom€an€order€denying€aÐ °  Ðmodification€petition€where€no€claims€are€raised€on€the€denial€of€the€petition].)ÌÌNOTICE:€€BY€REGISTERED€MAILÌà  àð ðSection€1912(a)€of€the€Act€requires€notice€to€the€parents,€Indian€custodian,€andÏtribe€by€òòregistered€mail€return€receipt€requestedóó€of€any€child€custody€proceeding€and€ofÐ ° Ðthe€rights€afforded€to€each€by€the€Act.€€(See€ðð€1911(b),€(c);€€òòIn€re€Ô_,,ÔSuzannaÔ_,,Ô€L.óó€(2002)€104Ð ° ÐCal.App.4th€223,€232€[duty€on€petitioning€potential€adopter€when€it€is€a€privateÏadoption];€òòIn€re€H.€A.€óó(2002)€103€Cal.App.4th€1206,€1212„1213€[certified€mail€notÐ ° Ðacceptable€if€there€is€no€return€receipt];€òòIn€re€Jeffrey€A.óó€(2002)€103€Cal.App.4th€1103,Ð ° Ð1108€[cannot€rely€on€presumption€under€Evid.€Code,€ðð€664€or€just€because€the€socialÏworker€said€so;€must€send€copy€to€the€ð ðIndian€parentðð€but€waived];€òòIn€re€Ô_,,ÔKahlenÔ_,,Ô€W.óóÐ ° Ð(1991)233€Cal.App.3d€1414,€1421;€but€see€òòÔ#†XW@X‹Šã ¿Ò#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ôid.óó€at€p.Ô#†XW@X‹Šã Ó×#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô€1422€[citing€cases€where€certifiedÐ ° Ðmail€return€receipt€was€sufficient].)ÌÌà  àNotice€was€sufficient€though€the€tribe€never€received€actual€notice.€€(òòIn€re€JasmineÐ ° ÐG.óó€(2005)€127€Cal.App.4th€1109,€1118.)Ð ° ÐÌNOTICE:€€CONTENT€OF€THE€NOTICEÌà  àð ð[Ô_,,ÔT]oÔ_,,Ô€establish€tribal€identity,€it€is€necessary€to€provide€as€much€information€as€isÏknown€on€the€Indian€childððs€direct€lineal€ancestors.ðð€€(25€Ô_,,ÔC.F.R.Ô_,,Ô€ðð€23.11(b)€(2003).)€€ð ðAÏtribeððs€mere€awareness€of€a€dependency€proceeding€involving€a€possible€Indian€child€isÏnot€considered€sufficient€notice€under€the€ICWA.ðð€€(òòIn€re€Samuel€P.óó€(2002)€99Ð °$  ÐÔ‡Š2ù‹‹Šã ÔÔ#†Xæ0X‹Š2ù!Ø#ÔÔ‡Š2ù‹XXæ0ÔCal.App.4thÔ#†Šã ‹‹Š2ùEÛ#ÔÔ#†XW@X‹Šã ‡Û#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô€1259,€1266,€internal€quotation€marks€omitted.)€€ð ðNotice€under€the€ICWAÐ °%!! Ðmust,€of€course,€contain€enough€information€to€constitute€meaningful€notice.ðð€€(òòIn€reÐ °&"" ÐÔ_,,ÔKarlaÔ_,,Ô€C.óó€(2003)€113€Cal.App.4th€166,€175.)€€Notice€is€meaningless€if€it€lacks€sufficientÐ °'## Ðinformation.€€(òòIn€re€D.T.óó€(2003)113€Cal.App.4th1449,1455;€òòIn€re€Manuel€E.óó€(2004)Ð °($$ Ð120€Cal.App.4th€521,€Ô#†XW@X‹Šã ÷Û#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô550.)Ð °)%% Ðà  àAn€allegation€in€a€petition€or€evidence€simply€that€there€was€a€prior€allegation€ofÏunfitness€is€not€substantial€evidence€without€evidence€the€allegation€was€substantiated.€Ð °+'' Ð(òòIn€re€Manuel€E.óó€(2004)€120€Cal.App.4th€521,€Ô#†XW@X‹Šã !Þ#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô547.)Ð ° ÐÔ#†XW@X‹Šã ~ß#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@ÔÌà  àð ðThe€notice€is€meaningless€because€the€tribe€could€not€adequately€search€itsÏrecords€for€the€relevant€people.ðð€€(òòIn€re€Louis€S.óó€(2004)€117€Cal.App.4th€622,€631Ð ° ÐÔ_1,Ô[misspelled€one€name.€no€information€on€another€person,€other€problems].)Ìà  àUnder€federal€regulations,€proper€notice€should€include:€(1)€the€name€of€IndianÏchild,€birthdate€and€birthplace;€(2)€the€name€of€tribe(s)€(eligible€for€)€enrollment;€(3)€theÏnames,€current,€and€former€addresses€of€biological€parents,€grandparents,€and€anyÏð ðIndian€custodian,ðð€including€married€and€unmarried€names,€aliases,€birthdates,€place€ofÏbirth€and€death,€tribal€enrollment€number,€other€identifying€information;€(4)€a€copy€of€theÏpetition€and€initial€social€worker€report;€(5)€a€statement€of€right€of€parent€and€IndianÏcustodian€to€intervene;€(6)€a€statement€of€right€of€appointed€counsel;€(7)€a€statement€ofÏright€of€20€day€continuance;€(8)€the€location,€mailing€address,€phone€number€of€court€andÏall€parties€notified;€(9)€a€wanting€of€consequences€of€possible€removal€and€termination€ofÏparental€rights;€and€(10)€an€advisement€should€be€kept€confidential.€€(25€C.F.R.€23.11(d)Ï&€(e);€òòIn€re€Kahlen€W.óó€(1991)€233€Cal.App.3d€1414,€1422„1423;€òòIn€re€C.D.€óó(2003)€110Ð ° ÐCal.App.4th€214,€224;€òòIn€re€Samuel€P.óó€(2002)€99€Cal.App.4th€1259,€1266€[defectiveÐ ° Ðwhen€not€include€about€the€dependency€proceeding,€no€court€number€or€date];€òò>In€reÐ ° ÐS.M.óó€(2004)€118€Cal.App.4th€1108,€1115€[inadequate€when€tribe€writes€back€requestingÐ ° Ðspecific€information];€Ô#†XW@X‹Šã Úß#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ôsee€òòIn€re€O.K.óó€(2003)106€Cal.App.4th152,156€[relying€onÐ ° ÐGuidelines€found€at€44€Fed.Reg.€67584,€67587€(Nov.€26,€1979)];€òòIn€re€H.€A.€óó(2002)€103Ð ° ÐCal.App.4th€1206,€1211„1212€[relying€on€Guidelines€B.5];€òòIn€re€Suzanna€L.óó€(2002)€104Ð ° ÐCal.App.4th€223,€232€[inadequate€notice€when€not€advise€tribe€of€right€to€intervene];€òòInÐ ° Ðre€Jennifer€A.óó€(2002)€103€Cal.App.4th€692,€705€[notice€deficient€because€listedÐ ° Ðbirthplace€of€parents€unknown€and€the€birthplace€of€the€minor€as€ð ðCaliforniaðð].)Ìà  àBut€ð ð[c]ompliance€requires€no€more€than€completion€of€a€preprinted€formÏpromulgated€by€the€State€of€California,€Health€and€Welfare€Agency,€for€the€benefit€ofÏcounty€welfare€agencies€[citation]€and€the€attachment€of€a€copy€of€the€dependencyÏpetition€[to]€the€form€entitled,€ððNOTICE€OF€INVOLUNTARY€CHILD€CUSTODYÏPROCEEDINGS€INVOLVING€AN€INDIAN€CHILDðð€and€numbered€ððSOC319,ðð€seeksÏto€conform€with€the€[BIA€regulation].ðð€€(òòIn€re€H.€A.€óó(2002)€103€Cal.App.4th€1206,€1211;Ð °" Ðaccord€òòIn€re€Desiree€F.óó€(2000)€83€Cal.App.4th€460,475€[dictum:€the€form€is€sufficient];Ð °# Ðcontra,€òòIn€re€C.D.€óó(2003)€110€Cal.App.4th€214,€225€[the€forms€do€not€comply€with€theÐ °$  Ðrequirements€in€the€C.F.R].)Ô#†XW@X‹Šã ™æ#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@ÔÐ °%!! Ðà  àð ðThe€Guidelines€are€not€binding€on€state€courts.€€[Citation.]€€However,€ððcases€thatÏhave€resolved€notice€questions€have€followed€the€Guidelines€in€giving€a€broad€reading€toÏthe€obligation€to€give€notice€and€redressing€notice€violations.€Ô#†XW@X‹Šã Eì#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô...Ô#†XW@X‹Šã ›í#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô€ðð€€[Citations.]ðð€Ð °($$ Ð(òòDwayne€P.€v.€Superior€Courtóó€(2002)€103€Ô‡Š2ù‹‹Šã ÔÔ#†Xæ0X‹Š2ùâí#ÔÔ‡Š2ù‹XXæ0ÔCal.App.4thÔ#†Šã ‹‹Š2ù\î#ÔÔ#†XW@X‹Šã žî#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô€247,€255.)€€ð ðThe€construction€of€aÐ °)%% Ðstatute€by€the€executive€department€charged€with€its€administration€is€entitled€to€greatÏweight.ðð€€(òòIn€re€Junious€M.óó€(1983)144€Ô‡Š2ù‹‹Šã ÔÔ#†Xæ0X‹Š2ùï#ÔÔ‡Š2ù‹XXæ0ÔCal.App.3dÔ#†Šã ‹‹Š2ùñï#ÔÔ#†XW@X‹Šã 3ð#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô€786,792,fn.€7;€see€òòIn€re€L.B.óó€(2003)Ð °+'' Ð110€Cal.App.4th1420,€1425,€fn.€3€[guidelines€have€been€adopted€in€California].)ÌÌà  àThe€burden€is€on€CPS€to€obtain€the€background€information€and€provide€it€in€theÏnotice.€€(òòIn€re€S.M.óó€(2004)€118€Cal.App.4th€1108,€1115„1116€[notice€inadequate€whenÐ ° Ðsocial€worker€failed€to€gather€sufficient€information];€Ô#†XW@X‹Šã ¢ð#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@ÔòòIn€re€C.D.óó€(2003)€110€Cal.App.4thÐ ° Ð214,226.)€€Inadequate€notice€when€the€record€shows€the€social€worker€possessedÏadditional€information€that€was€not€included€in€the€notice.€€(òòIn€re€Gerardo€A.óó€(2004)€119Ð °  ÐCal.App.4th€988,€995.)Ô#†XW@X‹Šã zò#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@ÔÐ °  Ðà  àBut€cannot€assume€from€silent€record€that€the€social€worker€failed€to€questionÏfamily€members€about€ICWA.€€(òòIn€re€Rebecca€R.óó€(2006)€143€Ô#†XW@X‹Šã Òó#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@ÔCal.App.4thÔ#†XW@X‹Šã Ãô#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô€1426,€Ô#†XW@X‹Šã õ#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô1430;€òòInÐ °  Ðre€Gerardo€A.óó€(2004)€119€Cal.App.4th€988,€995.)€€As€long€as€CPS€made€some€inquiry,Ð °  Ðits€duty€has€been€fulfilled.€€(òòIn€re€S.B.€óó(2005)€130€Cal.App.4th€1148,€Ô#†XW@X‹Šã Yõ#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô1161.)€€There€is€noÐ °  Ðerror€when€a€relative€obtain€information€but€fails€to€relay€it€to€the€social€worker.€€(òòIn€reÐ °  ÐX.V.€óó(2005)€132€Cal.App.4th€794,€Ô#†XW@X‹Šã rö#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô804.)Ð °  ÐÌà  àInadequate€ICWA€notice€when€most€of€the€form€marked€unknown€and€record€notÏshow€when€sent,€tribe€and€BIA€said€needed€more€information.€€(òòIn€Francisco€W.óó€(2006)Ð ° Ð139€Cal.App.4th€695,€700,€703„704.)ÌÌà  àWaiver:€€A€parent€waives€the€failure€of€CPS€to€make€a€better€inquiry.€€(òòIn€re€S.B.Ð ° Ðóó(2005)€130€Cal.App.4th€1148,€Ô#†XW@X‹Šã t÷#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô1160.)Ð ° ÐÔ#†XW@X‹Šã Rù#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@ÔÌà  àStandard€of€review:€€The€trial€courtððs€finding€that€ICWA€notice€was€adequate€isÏreviewed€for€abuse€of€discretion.€€(òòIn€re€J.T.€óó(2007)€154€Ô#†XW@X‹Šã ¯ù#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@ÔCal.App.4thÔ#†XW@X‹Šã ‘ú#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô€986,€Ô#†XW@X‹Šã Þú#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô991.)Ð ° ÐÌà  àRetroactivity:€€Though€notice€was€provided€before€January€1,€2007,€the€courtððsÏorder€was€made€afterwards,€so€the€law€in€effect€after€January€1,€2007€applies.€€(òòIn€re€J.T.Ð ° Ðóó(2007)€154€Ô#†XW@X‹Šã &û#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@ÔCal.App.4thÔ#†XW@X‹Šã bü#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô€986,€Ô#†XW@X‹Šã ¯ü#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô991„992.)Ð ° ÐÌÔ#†XW@X‹Šã ÷ü#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@ÔNOTICE:€€RECORD€OF€NOTICEÐ °! Ðà  àð ðTo€satisfy€the€notice€provisions€of€the€Act€and€to€provide€a€proper€record€for€theÏjuvenile€court€and€the€appellate€courts,€DSS€should€follow€a€two„step€procedure.€€First,€itÏshould€identify€any€possible€tribal€affiliations€and€send€proper€notice€to€those€entities,Ïreturn€receipt€requested.€€(Rule€1439(f).)€€Second,€DSS€should€provide€the€juvenile€courtÏa€copy€of€the€notice€sent€and€the€return€receipt,€as€well€as€any€correspondence€receivedÏfrom€the€Indian€entity€relevant€to€the€minorððs€status.€€If€the€identify€or€location€of€theÏtribe€cannot€be€determined,€the€same€procedure€should€be€used€with€respect€to€notice€toÏBIA.ðð€€(òòIn€re€Marinna€J.óó€(2001)€90€Cal.App.4th€731,€739,€fn.€4;€accord,€òòIn€re€Mary€G.óóÐ °)%% Ð(2007)€151€Ô#†XW@X‹Šã Xý#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@ÔCal.App.4thÔ#†XW@X‹Šã Ï#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô€184,€Ô#†XW@X‹Šã #ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô210„211€[reverse€when€the€tribesððs€responses€were€not€partÐ °*&& Ðof€the€record];€òòIn€re€Asia€L.óó€(2003)107€Cal.App.4th498,507„509;€òòIn€re€H.€A.€óó(2002)Ð °+'' Ð103€Cal.App.4th€1206,€1214„1215€[CPS€requirement];€òòIn€re€Jennifer€A.óó€(2002)€103Ð ° ÐCal.App.4th€692,€703„704€[the€juvenile€court€could€not€have€determined€if€ICWAÏapplied€without€knowing€whether€proper€notice€was€given];€accord,€òòIn€re€I.G.€óó(2005)€133Ð ° ÐCal.App.4th€1246,€1253€[reverse€when€ICWA€notice€was€not€part€of€the€record];€òòIn€reÐ ° ÐElizabeth€W.óó€(2004)€120€Cal.App.4th€900,€907„908€[no€copies€of€return€receipts€in€theÐ ° Ðcourt€file,€though€information€was€in€the€social€worker€report];€òòIn€re€S.M.óó€(2004)€118Ð °  ÐCal.App.4th€1108,Ô#†XW@X‹Šã d#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô€1118€[CPS€should€file€all€responses€from€the€tribes];€òòIn€re€Karla€C.óóÐ °  Ð(2003)€113€Cal.App.4th€166,€Ô#†XW@X‹Šã ó#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô178„179€[when€also€not€in€the€record€on€appeal];€but€see€òòInÐ °  Ðre€L.B.óó€(2003)€110€Cal.App.4th€1420,€1424„1425€[failure€to€provide€record€of€notice€isÐ °  Ðappellantððs€fault€for€not€providing€a€complete€record€and€can€presume€social€workerÏcomplied€with€legal€requirements].).Ìà  àShould€not€rely€on€notice€provided€after€the€notice€of€appeal.€€(See€Ô‡Š2ù‹‹Šã ÔòòIn€re€Zeth€S.Ð °  Ðóó(2003)€31€Cal.4th€396,€405;€Ô#†Šã ‹‹Š2ù^#ÔÔ#†XW@X‹Šã ±#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@ÔòòÔ‡Š2ù‹‹Šã ÔIn€re€Glorianna€K.óó€(2005)€125€Cal.App.4th€1443,€1451Ð °  Ð[deny€ðð€909€motion€to€include€subsequent€notice€to€Indian€tribes€because€ofÏauthentication€objection€on€appeal€and€because€appellant€unable€to€respond];Ô#†Šã ‹‹Š2ù)#ÔÔ#†XW@X‹Šã #ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô€but€see€òòInÐ ° Ðre€S.M.óó€(2004)€118€Cal.App.4th€1108,Ô#†XW@X‹Šã u #ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô€1117,€fn.€5;€òòIn€re€L.B.óó€(2003)€110€Cal.App.4thÐ ° Ð1420,€1426;€òòIn€re€C.D.€óó(2003)€110€Cal.App.4th€214,€Ô#†XW@X‹Šã  #ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô226.)Ð ° ÐÌNOTICE:€SUSPEND€COURT€PROCEEDINGS€FOR€TEN€DAYSÌà  àð ðIn€accordance€with€the€ICWA€(25€U.S.C.€ðð€1912(a)),€all€proceedings€should€haveÏbeen€suspended€until€a€minimum€of€10€days€after€the€Tribe€received€the€notice.ðð€€(òòIn€reÐ ° ÐDesiree€F.óó€(2000)€83€Cal.App.4th€460,€471;€accord,€òòIn€re€Jonathan€D.óó€(2001)€92Ð ° ÐCal.App.4th€105,€111.)€€Thus,€ð ðstate€court€have€no€jurisdiction€to€proceed€withÏdependency€proceedings€involving€a€possible€Indian€child€until€a€period€of€at€least€10Ïdays€after€the€òòreceiptóó€of€such€notice.ðð€€(òòId.óó,€at€p.€474.)€€ð ðOnce€formal€notification€is€givenÐ ° Ðto€the€tribe(s),€proceedings€cannot€commence€until€all€applicable€time€periods€haveÏpassed.€(25€U.S.C.€ðð€1912(a).)ðð€(òòIn€re€Desiree€F.óó€(2000)€83€Cal.App.4th€460,€476;Ð ° Ðaccord,€òòIn€re€Jonathan€D.óó€(2001)€92€Cal.App.4th€105,€110;€òòIn€re€Samuel€P.óó€(2002)€99Ð ° ÐCal.App.4th€1259,€1267;€see€òòIn€re€Louis€S.óó€(2004)€117€Cal.App.4th€622,€634€[thusÐ °  Ðreviewed€the€order€from€the€12€month€review€hearing€as€well];€but€see€òòIn€re€Brooke€C.óóÐ °! Ð(2005)€127€Cal.App.4th€377,€Ô#†XW@X‹Šã Æ #ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô384€[lack€of€notice€not€jurisdictional€error];€òòIn€re€AntoinetteÐ °" ÐS.óó€(2002)€104€Cal.App.4th1401,€1410„1411.)Ð °# ÐÌà  àÔ#†XW@X‹Šã ò#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@ÔWelfare€and€Institutions€Code€sections€224.3,€Ô#†XW@X‹Šã Û#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@ÔsubdivisionÔ#†XW@X‹Šã K#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô€(e)(3)€and224.2€requireÐ °%!! Ðwaiting€60€days€after€sending€notice€before€making€a€court€finding.€€(Ô‡Š2ù‹‹Šã ÔòòIn€re€Justin€S.óóÐ °&"" Ð(2007)€15€Ô#†Šã ‹‹Š2ù*#ÔCal.App.4thÔ‡Š2ù‹‹Šã Ô€1426,€Ô#†Šã ‹‹Š2ù«#ÔÔ#†XW@X‹Šã ˜#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô1437.)Ô#†XW@X‹Šã #ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@ԀР°'## ÐÌNOTICE:€€NO€MORE€NOTICE€WHEN€TRIBE€INTERVENESÌà  àNeed€not€send€initial€notice€anymore€once€a€tribe€intervenes.€€(òòIn€re€Krystle€D.óóÐ °*&& Ð(1994)€30€Cal.App.4th€1778.)Ð °+'' ЇNOTICE:€€IMPLIED€FINDING€OF€THE€COURTÌà  àA€courtððs€implied€finding€that€ICWA€did€not€apply.€(òòIn€re€Asia€L.óó€(2003)107Ð ° ÐCal.App.4th€498,€506;€òòIn€re€Levi€U.óó€(2000)€78€Cal.App.4th€191€[no€reply€implies€tribeÐ ° Ðwishes€not€to€intervene],€but€see€òòIn€re€Jennifer€A.óó€(2002)€103€Cal.App.4th€692,€705.)Ð ° Ðà  àð ðWhile€the€petitioning€agency€may€have€the€duty€to€provide€ICWA€notice,€it€is€theÏrole€of€the€juvenile€court,€not€the€agency,€to€determine€whether€the€ICWA€notice€isÏproper.ðð€€(òòIn€re€Nikki€R.óó€(2003)€106€Ô‡Š2ù‹‹Šã ÔCal.App.4thÔ#†Šã ‹‹Š2ùË#Ô€844,€852,€relying€on€òòIn€re€Samuel€P.óóÐ °  Ð(2002)€99€Cal.App.4th€1259,€1266„1267€and€also€citing€òòIn€re€Jeffrey€A.óó€(2002)€103Ð °  ÐCal.App.4th1103,1108;€òòIn€re€Marianna€J.óó€(2001)€90€Cal.App.4th€731,€739;€òòIn€reÐ °  ÐJennifer€A.óó€(2002)€103€Cal.App.4th692,€703,€705.)Ð °  ÐÌNOTICE:€€WAIVERÌà  àWaiver:€Failure€to€object€to€lack€of€notice€under€ICWA€does€not€waive€the€issue.€Ï(Cal.€Rules€of€Court,€rule€1439(m)€[enacted€in€1995];€òòIn€re€J.T.€óó(2007)€154€Ô#†XW@X‹Šã _#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@ÔCal.App.4thÔ#†XW@X‹Šã _#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@ÔÐ °  Ð986,€991;€òòIn€re€Nikki€R.óó€(2003)106€Ô‡Š2ù‹‹Šã ÔCal.App.4thÔ#†Šã ‹‹Š2ù #Ô€844,849;€òòIn€re€Antoinette€S.óó€(2002)€104Ð ° ÐCal.App.4th1401,€1408;€òòIn€re€H.€A.€óó(2002)€103€Cal.App.4th€1206,€1211;€òòIn€re€JenniferÐ ° ÐA.óó€(2002)€103€Cal.App.4th€692,€707;€òòDwayne€P.€v.€Superior€Courtóó€(2002)€103Ð ° ÐÔ‡Š2ù‹‹Šã ÔCal.App.4thÔ#†Šã ‹‹Š2ùv#Ô€247,€257„258€[nor€was€it€invited€error;€even€if€brought€after€terminatingÐ ° Ðservices];€òòIn€re€Samuel€P.óó€(2002)€99€Cal.App.4th€1259,€1267„1268€[disagreeing€withÐ ° ÐòòRiva€M.óó€because€tribe€refused€to€intervene€and€court€used€the€higher€burden€of€proof,€andÐ ° ÐòòPedro€N.óó€because€in€that€case€attempted€to€undo€jurisdiction€after€termination€of€parentalÐ ° Ðrights];€òòIn€re€Marinna€J.óó€(2001)€90€Cal.App.4th€731,€738„739€[parental€inaction€couldÐ ° Ðnot€waive€rights€of€tribe,€disagreeing€with€òòPedro€N.óó];€see€òòIn€re€Stephanie€M.óó€(1994)€7Ð ° ÐCal.4th€295,€316;€òòIn€re€Desiree€F.óó€(2000)€83€Cal.App.4th€460,€471;€òòIn€re€Kahlen€W.óóÐ ° Ð(1991)€233€Cal.App.3d€1414,€1425€[ð ðparents€are€not€necessarily€knowledgeable€aboutÏtribal€government€or€membership€and€their€interests€may€diverge€from€those€on€the€tribeÏand€those€of€each€otherðð];€òòIn€re€Gerardo€A.óó€(2004)€119€Cal.App.4th€988,€993€[no€waiverÐ ° Ðof€inadequate€notice€when€the€notice€was€not€sent€to€the€parent];€but€see€òòIn€re€Amber€F.óóÐ ° Ð(2007)€150€Ô#†XW@X‹Šã ¬#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@ÔCal.App.4thÔ#†XW@X‹Šã • #ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô€1152,€1156€[failure€to€object€to€defects€in€the€notice€òòat€remandóóÐ °  Ðwaives€the€issue];€òòIn€re€X.V.€óó(2005)€132€Cal.App.4th€794,€802„804€[failure€to€object€toÐ °! Ðdefects€in€notice€òòat€remandóó€waives€the€issue€on€appeal];€€òòIn€re€Riva€M.óó€(1991)€235Ð °" ÐCal.App.3d€403,€411;€òòIn€re€Pedro€N.óó€(1995)€35€Cal.App.4th€183€[parent€with€knowledgeÐ °# Ðof€ICWA€applicability€waives€notice€issues€when€failed€to€challenge€the€courtððs€actionÏuntil€after€termination€of€parental€rights;€but€òòMarinna€J.óó€and€òòDwayne€Póó.].)Ð °%!! Ðà  àð ðWe€are€well€aware€that€trial€counsel€for€a€parent€in€dependency€proceedingsÏrarely€bring€ICWA€notice€deficiencies€to€the€attention€of€the€juvenile€court.€€That€job,€itÏseems,€is€routinely€left€to€appellate€counsel€for€the€parent.ðð€€(Ô‡Š2ù‹‹Šã ÔòòIn€re€Justin€S.óó€(2007)€15Ð °($$ ÐÔ#†Šã ‹‹Š2ùs$#ÔCal.App.4thÔ‡Š2ù‹‹Šã Ô€1426,€Ô#†Šã ‹‹Š2ùô$#ÔÔ#†XW@X‹Šã â #ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô1436.)Ð °)%% ÐÌà  àWaiver:€€But€a€parent€waives€ICWA€issues€when€he€or€she€states€there€is€noÐ °+'' ÐIndian€heritage.€€(òòIn€re€E.H.óó€(2006)€141€Ô#†XW@X‹Šã `%#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@ÔCal.App.4thÔ#†XW@X‹Šã X&#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô€1330,€1334.)Ð ° ÐÌà  àWaiver:€€Failure€to€object€to€failure€to€send€notice€to€appellant€as€the€ð ðIndianÏparentðð€waived€without€objection.€€(òòIn€re€Jeffrey€A.óó€(2002)€103€Cal.App.4th€1103,€1108;Ð ° ÐòòIn€re€L.B.óó€(2003)€110€Cal.App.4th€1420,€1426.)Ð ° ÐÌà  àWaiver:€€A€parent€waives€the€failure€of€CPS€to€make€a€better€inquiry.€€(òòIn€re€S.B.Ð °  Ðóó(2005)€130€Cal.App.4th€1148,€Ô#†XW@X‹Šã ¥&#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô1160.)Ð °  ÐÔ#†XW@X‹Šã ¿(#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@ÔÌÔ#†XW@X‹Šã )#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ôà  àStanding:€€Non„Indian€parent€has€standing€to€raise€ICWA.€€(òòIn€re€Jonathon€S.óóÐ °  Ð(2005)€129€Cal.App.4th€334,€339;€but€see€òòIn€re€S.M.óó€(2004)€118€Cal.App.4th€1108,€1115,Ð °  Ðfn.€3€[dictum];€òòIn€re€Isayah€C.óó€(2004)€118€Cal.App.4th€684,€Ô#†XW@X‹Šã _)#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô693„694,€fn.€9€[dictum].)Ð °  ÐÌNOTICE:€€REMEDYÌà  àTribe€cannot€invalidate€proceedings€where€notice€was€provided€and€tribeÏparticipated€with€general€appearances.€€(òòIn€re€Krystle€D.óó€(1994)€30€Cal.App.4th€1778.)Ð ° ÐÌà  àRemand€to€give€notice;€if€not€tribe€intervenes,€the€juvenile€court€shall€reinstate€itsÏorders.€€(òòIn€Francisco€W.óó€(2006)€139€Cal.App.4th€695,€Ô#†XW@X‹Šã Ç*#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô704„10€[holding€that€limitedÐ ° Ðremand€is€the€appropriate€remedy];€òòIn€re€I.G.€óó(2005)€133€Cal.App.4th€1246,€Ô#†XW@X‹Šã ­,#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô1255Ð ° Ð[remand€to€the€supervising€dependency€judge€for€expedited€adjudication];€òòIn€re€BrookeÐ ° ÐC.óó€(2005)€127€Cal.App.4th€377,€Ô#†XW@X‹Šã q-#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô385€[relief€is€limited€to€sending€notice];€òòIn€re€Suzanna€L.óóÐ ° Ð(2002)€104€Cal.App.4th€223,€237;€òòIn€re€H.€A.€óó(2002)€103€Cal.App.4th€1206,€1215Ð ° Ð[ð ðlimited€remandðð];€òòIn€re€Jeffrey€A.óó€(2002)€103€Cal.App.4th€1103,€1109;€òòIn€re€Jennifer€A.óóÐ ° Ð(2002)€103€Cal.App.4th€692,€709;€òòDwayne€P.€v.€Superior€Courtóó€(2002)103€Ô‡Š2ù‹‹Šã ÔCal.App.4thÔ#†Šã ‹‹Š2ù0#ÔÐ ° Ð247,€261;€òòIn€re€Jonathan€D.óó€(2001)€92€Cal.App.4th€105,€111„112;€but€see€òòNicole€K.€v.Ð ° ÐÔ#†XW@X‹Šã [.#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@ÔSuperior€CourtÔ#†XW@X‹Šã þ0#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô€óó(2007)€146€Ô#†XW@X‹Šã N1#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@ÔCal.App.4thÔ#†XW@X‹Šã Ÿ1#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô€779,€Ô#†XW@X‹Šã ì1#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô485€[reversed€the€order€terminating€parentalÐ ° Ðrights€because€the€court€potentially€used€the€wrong€burden€of€proof].)€€When€remand€forÏnew€ICWA€notice,€the€social€worker€must€give€notice€to€the€parent€and€counsel€whoÏmust€have€an€opportunity€to€be€heard.€€(Ô‡Š2ù‹‹Šã ÔòòIn€re€Justin€S.óó€(2007)€15€Ô#†Šã ‹‹Š2ùf3#ÔCal.App.4thÔ‡Š2ù‹‹Šã Ô€1426,Ð °! ÐÔ#†Šã ‹‹Š2ùÓ3#ÔÔ#†XW@X‹Šã 42#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô1434„1435.)Ð °" Ðà  àWith€a€limited€remand€for€ICWA€notice,€a€parent€cannot€file€a€section€388Ïpetition.€€(òòIn€re€Terrance€B.óó€(2006)€144€Ô#†XW@X‹Šã S4#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@ÔCal.App.4thÔ#†XW@X‹Šã :5#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô€965,€973„974.)Ð °$  ÐÌà  àWhen€reverse,€do€not€reverse€all€orders.€€(òòIn€re€S.M.óó€(2004)€118€Cal.App.4thÐ °&"" Ð1108,Ô#†XW@X‹Šã ‡5#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô€1119,€fn.€6.)€€Reverse€only€the€order€appealed€from.€€(òòIn€re€Jonathon€S.óó€(2005)€129Ð °'## ÐCal.App.4th€334,€340;€òòIn€re€Brooke€C.óó€(2005)€127€Cal.App.4th€377,€Ô#†XW@X‹Šã f6#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô385.)Ð °($$ ÐÌà  àPrejudice:€€ð ðSection€1914€of€the€Act€provides€that€any€action€placing€an€IndianÏchild€in€foster€care€or€terminating€parental€rights€may€be€invalidated€upon€showing€Ô_11ÔthatÐ °+'' Ðsection€1911,€1912,€or€1913€of€the€Act€has€been€violated.ðð€€(òòIn€re€Ô_11ÔKahlenÔ_11Ô€W.óó€(1991)€233Ð ° ÐCal.App.3d€1414,€1426.)Ìà  àð ðThe€juvenile€courtððs€failure€to€secure€compliance€with€the€notice€provisions€ofÏthe€Act€is€prejudicial€error.ðð€€(òòIn€re€Ô_11ÔKahlenÔ_11Ô€W.óó€(1991)€233€Cal.App.3d€1414,€1424.)€Ð ° Ðð ðCourts€have€consistently€held€failure€to€provide€required€notice€requires€remand€unlessÏthe€tribe€has€participated€in€the€proceedings€or€expressly€indicated€they€have€no€interestÏin€the€proceedings.ðð€(òòIbid.óó)€€Defective€notice€is€ð ð€ððusually€prejudicial.ðð€€[Citation.]ðð€€(òòInÐ °  Ðre€Nikki€R.óó€(2003)106€Ô‡Š2ù‹‹Šã ÔCal.App.4thÔ#†Šã ‹‹Š2ùr;#Ô€844,849„850;€òòÔ#†XW@X‹Šã _7#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ôid.óó€at€pp.Ô#†XW@X‹Šã ô;#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô€854„855€[unless€additionalÐ °  Ðevidence€shows€remand€would€be€futile,€must€remand€for€the€juvenile€court€to€make€theÏdetermination].)€Failure€to€properly€notify€the€tribe€requires€reversal€of€all€orders.€€(òòIn€reÐ °  ÐMary€G.óó€(2007)€151€Ô#†XW@X‹Šã C<#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@ÔCal.App.4thÔ#†XW@X‹Šã —=#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô€184,€211€[disagreeing€with€òòRebecca€R.€óó(òòinfraóó)];€Ô#†XW@X‹Šã ä=#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@ÔòòIn€reÐ °  ÐJonathan€D.óó€(2001)€92€Cal.App.4that€p.€111€[same];€òòIn€re€Ô_11ÔMarinnaÔ_11Ô€J.óó€(2001)€90Ð °  ÐCal.App.4th€731,€738„739;€òòIn€re€Ô_11ÔDesireeÔ_11Ô€F.€óó(2000)€8€Cal.App.4th€460,€472ššòòóó;€òòIn€re€DerekÐ °  ÐW.óó€(1999)€73€Cal.App.4th€828;€but€see€òòIn€re€Rebecca€R.óó€(2006)€143€Ô#†XW@X‹Šã c>#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@ÔCal.App.4thÔ#†XW@X‹Šã 4@#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô€1426,Ð °  ÐÔ#†XW@X‹Šã @#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô1431€[do€not€reverse€unless€it€was€a€miscarriage€of€justice;€here€there€was€no€evidenceÐ ° Ðthe€parents€would€have€reported€Indian€ancestry€if€asked];€òòIn€re€S.B.€óó(2005)€130Ð ° ÐCal.App.4th€1148,€Ô#†XW@X‹Šã Þ@#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô1162€[error€in€notice€harmless€when€the€tribe€actually€participates,€theÐ ° Ðminor€would€not€have€been€found€to€be€an€Indian€child,€or€when€the€court€complied€withÏthe€higher€standard€of€proof];€Ô#†XW@X‹Šã  B#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@ÔòòIn€re€Christopher€I.óó€(2003)€106€Ô‡Š2ù‹‹Šã ÔCal.App.4thÔ#†Šã ‹‹Š2ùcC#Ô€533,€566„567Ð ° Ð[substantial€compliance€sufficient;€failure€to€notify€BIA€harmless€when€tribe€decidedÏminor€was€not€eligible];€òòIn€re€Antoinette€S.óó€(2002)€104€Cal.App.4th1401,€1413€[notÐ ° Ðreversible€per€se,€harmless€here€based€on€subsequent€notice€sent€to€BIA];€òòIn€re€Ô_11ÔJuniousÔ_11ÔÐ ° ÐM.óó€(1983)€144€Cal.App.3d€786,€794,€fn.€8€[lack€of€notice€may€not€always€òòšóóbeÐ ° Ðprejudicial].)€€ð ðSince€the€failure€to€give€proper€notice€of€a€dependency€proceeding€to€aÏtribe€with€which€the€dependent€child€may€be€affiliated€forecloses€participation€by€theÏtribe,€notice€requirements€are€strictly€construed.ðð€€(òòIn€re€Samuel€P.óó€(2002)€99Ð ° ÐCal.App.4th€1259,€1267€[failure€to€strictly€comply€with€the€notice€requirement€isÏprejudicial€error].)òòóóÔ#†XW@X‹Šã C#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@ÔÐ ° Ðà  àAdoption€invalid€if€not€comply€with€ICWA.€€(25€U.S.C.€ðð€1914;€òòIn€re€Ô_11ÔDesireeÔ_11Ô€F.óóÐ °  Ð(2000)€83€Cal.App.4th€460,€473„476;€but€see€òòIn€re€Laura€F.óó€(2000)€83€Cal.App.4th€583,Ð °! Ð594.)ÌÔ#†XW@X‹Šã =G#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@ÔÌà  àPrejudice:€€Ordering€adoption€on€clear€and€convincing€evidence€instead€of€beyondÏa€reasonable€doubt€was€error€but€harmless€when€the€parent€failed€two€rehabilitationsÏprograms.€€(òòAdoption€of€Hannah€S.óó€(2006)€142€Ô#†XW@X‹Šã ¢H#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@ÔCal.App.4thÔ#†XW@X‹Šã ÊI#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô€988,€Ô#†XW@X‹Šã J#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô997„998.)Ð °&"" ÐÌÔ% ‡ ÔINTERVENTION:Ô%†JÔÌà  àResponse€by€tribe€from€someone€not€identified€as€the€chair€or€a€designated€chairÏdoes€not€make€the€tribeððs€denial€to€intervene€valid.€€(òòIn€re€H.€A.€óó(2002)€103€Cal.App.4thÐ °*&& Ð1206,€1214.)Ð °+'' Їà  àIf€the€juvenile€court€has€information€that€the€child€is€ð ðor€may€be€an€Indian€child,Ïthe€court€shall€proceed€as€if€the€child€is€an€Indian€child€...€complying€with€the€Act€andÏthis€rule.ðð€€(Cal.€Rules€of€Court,€rule€1439(e).)Ìà  àEven€if€the€tribe€does€not€respond€to€notice,€the€Act€shall€be€applied€to€the€entireÏproceeding€if€the€court€has€reason€to€now€the€child€is€an€Indian€child.€€(Cal.€Rules€ofÏCourt,€rule€1439(c)(3)€&€(e).)€€However,€only€notice€and€further€inquiry€is€required€if€theÏchild€may€only€possess€Indian€ancestry.€(Cal.€Rules€of€Court,€rule€1439(e).)ÌÌà  àFailure€of€tribe€to€respond€should€be€seen€as€a€finding€the€child€does€not€qualify.€ÏBut€ð ðAbsent€evidence€the€notice€was€sufficient,€a€tribeððs€Ô_11ÔnonresponseÔ_11Ô€may€not€be€deemedÏððtantamount€to€determinations€that€the€minor€[is]€not€an€ð ðIndian€childðð€within€theÏmeaning€of€the€[ICWA].€€[Citations.]ðð€€(òòIn€re€Ô_11ÔKarlaÔ_11Ô€C.óó€(2003)€113€Cal.App.4th€166,Ð °  ÐÔ#†XW@X‹Šã _J#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô178.)Ð °  ÐÌà  àUnder€25€U.S.C.€ðð€1911(a),€the€Indian€tribe€has€exclusive€jurisdiction€if€the€childÏlives€on€a€reservation.€€However,€California€courts€have€concurrent€civil€jurisdictionÏunder€Public€Law€280€(18€U.S.C.€ðð€1162(a)€[see€also€28€Ô#†XW@X‹Šã P#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@ÔU.S.C.€ðð€Ô#†XW@X‹Šã UQ#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô€1360(a)]).€€Thus,Ð ° ÐCalifornia€dependency€courts€would€have€jurisdiction.€€(See€òòIn€re€Laura€F.óó€(2000)€83Ð ° ÐCal.App.4th€583;€òòNative€Village€of€Ô_11ÔVenetieÔ_11Ô€Ô_11ÔI.R.A.Ô_11Ô€Council€v.€State€of€Alaskaóó€(9th€Cir.Ð ° Ð1991)€944€F.2d€548.)€€Under€Public€Law€280,€11€Ô#†XW@X‹Šã £Q#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@ÔU.S.C.€ðð€Ô#†XW@X‹Šã [S#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô€1162(a)€and€28€Ô#†XW@X‹Šã ©S#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@ÔU.S.C.€ðð€Ô#†XW@X‹Šã ûS#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@ÔÐ ° Ð1360(a)€creates€five€mandatory€states€which€have€jurisdiction€over€Indians€in€the€state,Ïand€other€states€can€opt€in.€€(Ô‡Š2ù‹‹Šã ÔòòDoe€v.€Mannóó€(9th€Cir.€2005)€415€F.3d1038,Ô#†Šã ‹‹Š2ùõT#ÔÔ#†XW@X‹Šã IT#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô1048,€1050„Ð ° Ð1051.)€€In€those€states,€tribes€do€not€have€exclusive€jurisdiction€over€minors€onÏreservations.€€(Ô‡Š2ù‹‹Šã ÔòòDoe€v.€Mannóó€(9th€Cir.€2005)€415€F.3d1038,Ô#†Šã ‹‹Š2ù,V#ÔÔ#†XW@X‹Šã ‹U#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô1040,€1068.)€€ð ðICWAÐ ° Ðsubsection€1911(b)€authorizes€transfer€of€jurisdiction€to€tribal€courts€regardless€of€[PublicÏLaw]€280,ðð€and€regardless€of€whether€a€tribe€complies€with€section€1918.€€(òòIn€re€Ô_11ÔC.R.H.Ô_11ÔóóÐ ° Ð(Alaska€2001)€29€P.3d€849,€854.)€€State€jurisdiction€in€California€is€exclusive€unless€theÏtribe€successfully€petitions€to€resume€jurisdiction€under€ðð€1918,€then€state€jurisdiction€isÏconcurrent€and€not€exclusive.€€(òòIn€re€M.A.€óó(2006)€137€Cal.App.4th€567,€574.)€€SectionÐ °  Ð1911(b)€authorized€transfer€to€the€tribe€regardless€of€Public€Law€280€and€the€tribeððsÏcompliance€with€section€1918.€€(òòIn€re€M.A.€óó(2006)€137€Cal.App.4th€567,€Ô#†XW@X‹Šã ÂV#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô593.)Ð °" Ðà  àIf€the€child€does€not€live€on€a€reservation,€the€matter€shall€be€transferred€to€a€tribalÏcourt€unless€there€is€good€cause.€€(25€U.S.C.€ðð€1911(b);€Cal.€Rules€of€Court,€ruleÏ1439(c);€see€òòóó€òòIn€re€Ô_11ÔDesireeÔ_11Ô€F.óó€(2000)€83€Cal.App.4th€460,€469;òò€Robert€T.óó€(1988)€200Ð °%!! ÐCal.App.3d€657€[issue€handled€as€a€motion€on€forum€non€Ô_11ÔconveniensÔ_11Ô];€but€see€òòIn€reÐ °&"" ÐÔ_11ÔLarissaÔ_11Ô€G.óó€(1996)€43€Cal.App.4th€505€[objection€by€either€parent€vetoed€transfer].)Ð °'## Ðà  àCalifornia€courts€view€Indian€courts€as€independent€sovereigns.€€(òòIn€re€M.M.Ð °($$ Ðóó(2007)€154€Ô#†XW@X‹Šã óY#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@ÔCal.App.4thÔ#†XW@X‹Šã 6]#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô€897,€908„909.)Ð °)%% ÐÌà  àAn€Indian€tribe€may€appear€on€its€own€behalf.€(Cal.€Rules€of€Court,€rulesÐ °+'' Ð1410(b)(7),€1412(i).)ÌÌà  àA€tribe€cannot€Ô_11ÔrelitigateÔ_11Ô€the€applicability€of€ICWA€in€federal€court.€€(òòMorrow€v.Ð ° ÐWinslowóó€(10th€Cir.€1996)€94€F.3d€1386,€1390€[the€doctrine€of€òòYoungeróó€abstentionÐ ° Ðprevented€the€issuance€of€a€federal€injunction€during€an€ongoing€state€custodyÏproceeding];€òòComanche€Indian€Tribe€of€Okla.€v.€Ô_11ÔHovisÔ_11Ôóó€(10th€Cir.€1995)€53€F.3d298,303Ð °  Ð[relying€on€collateral€estoppel];€òòKiowa€Tribe€of€Okla.€v.€Lewisóó€(10th€Cir.€1985)€777Ð °  ÐF.2d587,592€[relying€on€res€judicata].)€€But€the€federal€court€can€consider€an€ICWAÏissue€and€reverse€a€state€juvenile€court€if€the€matter€was€not€litigated€in€state€appellateÏcourts.€€(Ô‡Š2ù‹‹Šã ÔòòDoe€v.€Mannóó€(9th€Cir.€2005)€415€F.3d1038,Ô#†Šã ‹‹Š2ùUa#ÔÔ#†XW@X‹Šã ƒ]#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô1047.)€€Ô#†XW@X‹Šã ëa#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@ÔThe€tribe€has€a€right€toÐ °  Ðeffective€assistance€of€counsel.€€(òòDoe€v.€Mannóó€(N.D.€Cal.€2003)€285€F.Supp.2d€1229,Ð °  ÐÔ#†XW@X‹Šã 5b#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô1239„1240,€Ô_11ÔaffððdÔ_11Ô,€Ô‡Š2ù‹‹Šã ÔòòDoe€v.€Mannóó€(9th€Cir.€2005)€415€F.3d1038.)Ô#†Šã ‹‹Š2ùfc#ÔÔ#†XW@X‹Šã c#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@ÔÐ °  ÐÌÔ#†XW@X‹Šã üc#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ôà  àWaiver:€€Tribe€that€intervened€waives€previous€orders€by€not€appealing.€€(òòIn€reÐ °  ÐÔ_11ÔLilianaÔ_11Ô€S.óó€(2004)115€Cal.App.4th585,€589.)Ð ° ÐÌà  àAppealability:€€An€order€transferring€a€case€from€a€California€court€to€a€tribalÏcourt€has€been€appealed€twice€without€consideration€of€whether€the€court€of€appeal€hasÏjurisdiction.€€(See€òòIn€re€M.A.€óó(2006)€137€Ô#†XW@X‹Šã Td#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@ÔCal.App.4thÔ#†XW@X‹Šã Rf#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô€567,€571,€578;€òòIn€re€Ô_11ÔLarissaÔ_11Ô€G.óóÐ ° Ð(1996)€43€Ô#†XW@X‹Šã Ÿf#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@ÔCal.App.4thÔ#†XW@X‹Šã Fg#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô€505,€508€[reversing€the€transfer€order].)€€But€one€court€said€theÐ ° ÐCalifornia€courts€lose€jurisdiction€unless€the€appellant€obtains€an€immediate€stay.€€(òòIn€reÐ ° ÐM.M.€óó(2007)€154€Ô#†XW@X‹Šã “g#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@ÔCal.App.4thÔ#†XW@X‹Šã ²h#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô€897,€Ô#†XW@X‹Šã ÿh#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô913„916.)Ð ° ÐÌÔ% ‡ ÔREMOVALÔ%†…iÔ:Ìà  àIndian€Child€Welfare€Act€give€different€evidentiary€and€procedural€rules.€€(25ÏU.S.C.€ðð€1912,€1915òòóó;€òòMississippi€Band€of€Choctaw€Indians€v.€Ô_11ÔHolyfieldÔ_11Ôóó€(1989)€490€U.S.Ð ° Ð30.)ÌÌà  àEmergency€removal€and€placement€is€allowed.€€(òòIn€re€Ô_11ÔDesireeÔ_11Ô€F.óó€(2000)€83Ð °  ÐCal.App.4th€460.)ÌÌà  àBefore€removal€or€placement€with€a€non„Indian€family,€or€termination€of€parentalÏrights,€must€provide€remedial€services€and€rehabilitative€programs€designed€to€preventÏthe€breakup€of€the€Indian€family.€€(25€U.S.C.€ðð€1912(d);€òòIn€re€Crustal€K.€óó(1990)€226Ð °%!! ÐCal.App.3d€655,€666;€òòIn€re€Michael€G.óó€(1998)€63€Cal.App.4th€700€[active€measuresÐ °&"" Ðrequire€clear€and€convincing€evidence];€òòIn€re€Matthew€Z.óó€(2000)€80€Cal.App.4th€545Ð °'## Ð[such€a€finding€may€be€made€when€terminate€reunification€services];€òòIn€re€Ô_11ÔPimaÔ_11Ô€CountyÐ °($$ ÐJuvenile€Actionóó€(Ariz.€Ct.€App.€1981)€635€P.2d€187.)€€ICWA€contemplates€servicesÐ °)%% Ðbeyond€what€normally€offered.€€(H.€R.€Rep.€No.€1386,€95th€Cong.€2d€Sess.€22€(1978).)€ÏThe€rehabilitative€services€should€take€into€account€the€prevailing€social€and€culturalÐ °+'' ÐÔ_11Ôconditions€and€way€of€life€of€the€childððs€tribe.€€(44€Fed.Reg.€67582(D2).)€€Efforts€shallÏinclude€resources€of€extended€family€members,€the€tribe,€Indian€social€services€agencies,Ïand€Indian€Ô_00ÔcaregiversÔ_00Ô.€(Cal.€Rules€of€Court,€rule€1439(k)(2)€&€(òòlóó)(4).)€€This€requirementÐ °! Ðcannot€be€waived€without€an€expressed,€knowing€and€intelligent€waiver.€(Cal.€Rules€ofÏCourt,€rule€1439(i)(2)€&€(j)(2);€but€see€òòLetitia€V.€v.€Superior€Courtóó€(2000)€81Ð °# ÐCal.App.4th€1009€[failure€to€provide€additional€services€effectively€harmless€whenÏparent€failed€to€do€services€that€were€court€ordered];€òòIn€re€William€G.óó€(2001)€89Ð °%!! ÐCal.App.4th€423€[need€not€be€offered€to€parent€not€available€to€do€them].)ÌòòóóÌà  àNo€foster€placement€can€be€ordered€without€clear€and€convincing€evidence,Ïincluding€testimony€of€a€qualified€expert€witness€that€continued€custody€is€likely€to€resultÏin€serous€emotional€or€physical€damage.€€(25€U.S.C.€ðð€1912(e);€òòIn€re€Jennifer€A.óó€(2002)Ð °*&& Ð103€Cal.App.4th€692,€704€[applies€when€previous€notice€was€defective];€but€see€òòIn€reÐ °+'' ÐS.B.€óó(2005)€130€Cal.App.4th€1148,€Ô#†XW@X‹ŠCãâ[#ÔÔ‡ŠCã‹XXW@Ô1164„1166€[ICWAððs€requirements€for€remedialÐ ° Ðmeasures€and€its€standard€of€proof€is€the€same€as€Californiaððs].)€€Custody€means€legal€orÏphysical€custody.€€(See€òòIn€re€Crystal€K.€óó(1990)€226€Cal.App.3d€655.)€€A€qualified€expertÐ ° Ðwitness€requires€expertise€more€than€that€possessed€by€a€social€worker.€€š(H.€R.€Rep.€No.Ï1386,€95th€Cong.€2d€Sess.€22€(1978)šš;€òòIn€re€Ô_00ÔPimaÔ_00Ô€County€Juvenile€Actionóó€(Ariz.€Ct.€App.Ð ° Ð1981)€635€P.2d€187;€44€Ô_00ÔFed.RegÔ_00Ô.€67583,€67593(D4);€Cal.€Rules€of€Court,€ruleÏ1439(a)(10)(C);€Manual€of€Policies€and€Procedures,€Cal.€Dept.€of€Social€Services€ðð€31„¼515.14.141;€òòIn€re€Jennifer€A.óó€(2002)€103€Cal.App.4th€692,€706„707;€see€Ô‡Š2‹‹ŠCãÔòòDoe€v.€MannóóÐ °  Ð(9th€Cir.€2005)€415€F.3d1038,Ô#†ŠCã‹‹Š2Mi#ÔÔ#†XW@X‹ŠCãf#ÔÔ‡ŠCã‹XXW@Ô1065;€but€see€òòIn€re€S.B.€óó(2005)€130€Cal.App.4th€1148,Ð °  ÐÔ#†XW@X‹ŠCã÷i#ÔÔ‡ŠCã‹XXW@Ô1165„1166.)€€This€cannot€be€waived€without€an€expressed,€knowing€and€intelligentÐ °  Ðwaiver.€(See€òòIn€re€Jennifer€A.óó€(2002)€103€Cal.App.4th€692,€707;€òòIn€re€Ô_00ÔKystleÔ_00Ô€D.óó€(1994)Ð °  Ð30€Cal.App.4th€1778€[can€introduce€other€expert€witnesses]Ô#†XW@X‹ŠCã‰j#ÔÔ‡ŠCã‹XXW@Ô;€but€see€òòIn€re€Ô_00ÔRivaÔ_00Ô€M.óó€(1991)Ð °  Ð235€Cal.App.3d€403,€411€[failure€to€use€correct€burden€of€proof€waived€withoutÏobjection].)Ìà  àð ðIn€judging€the€fitness€of€a€particular€family,€many€social€workers,€ignorant€ofÏIndian€cultural€values€and€social€norms,€make€decisions€that€are€wholly€inappropriate€inÏthe€context€of€Indian€family€life€and€so€they€frequently€discover€neglect€or€abandonmentÏwhere€none€exists.ðð€€H.R.€Rep.€No.€95„1386,€at€10€(1978),€òòreprinted€inóó€1978Ð ° ÐÔ_00ÔU.S.C.C.A.N.Ô_00Ô€7530,€7532.Ô#†XW@X‹ŠCãl#ÔÔ‡ŠCã‹XXW@ԚР° ÐÌà  àCan€depart€from€preference€for€placement€with€Indian€family€for€good€cause.€€(òòInÐ ° Ðre€Baby€Girl€A.óó€(1991)€230€Cal.App.3d€1611€[good€cause€includes€unsuccessful€diligentÐ ° Ðsearch€for€Indian€placement,€requests€of€the€parents,€and€extraordinary€needs€asÏestablished€by€a€qualified€expert€witness];€see€òòIn€re€Ô_00ÔDesireeÔ_00Ô€F.óó€(2000)€83€Cal.App.4thÐ ° Ð460€[trauma€from€moving€the€minor€irrelevant€upon€flagrant€violations€of€ICWA]Ô#†XW@X‹ŠCã«n#ÔÔ‡ŠCã‹XXW@Ô;€butÐ ° Ðsee€òòAdoption€of€Lindsey€C.óó€(1991)€229€Cal.App.3d€404;òòóó€òòIn€re€Ô_00ÔLilianaÔ_00Ô€S.óó€(2004)€115Ð ° ÐCal.App.4th€585,590€[extended€family€member€need€not€be€on€a€reservation];€òòIn€reÐ ° ÐJulian€B.óó€(2000)€82€Cal.App.4th€1337,€1346„1347€[family€member€with€criminal€recordÐ ° Ðprecludes€placement€under€section€361.4];€òòIn€re€Matthew€Z.óó€(2000)€80€Cal.App.4th€545Ð °  Ð[once€makes€finding,€need€not€continue€to€make€findings].)ÌÌòòà  àóóTo€determine€good€cause€for€not€placing€with€Indian€family,€consider€the€requestÐ °# Ðof€the€biological€parents€or€minor,€the€needs€of€the€minor€from€the€testimony€of€aÏqualified€expert,€unavailability€of€a€suitable€family€after€a€diligent€searchÔ#†XW@X‹ŠCãq#ÔÔ‡ŠCã‹XXW@Ô.€€(òòFresnoÐ °%!! ÐCounty€Dept.€of€Children€&€Family€Services€v.€Superior€Court€óó(2004)€122€Cal.App.4thÐ °&"" Ð626,642.)€Ô#†XW@X‹ŠCãŸt#ÔÔ‡ŠCã‹XXW@Ô€There€was€good€cause€when€the€court€wished€to€keep€the€siblings€together.€Ð °'## ÐÔ#†XW@X‹ŠCãyu#ÔÔ‡ŠCã‹XXW@Ô(òòId.óó€at€p.Ô#†XW@X‹ŠCãv#ÔÔ‡ŠCã‹XXW@Ô€646.)Ð °($$ ÐÌà  àð ðNo€termination€of€parental€rights€may€be€ordered€in€such€proceeding€in€theÏabsence€of€a€determination,€supported€by€evidence€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt,€includingÐ °+'' Ðtestimony€of€qualified€expert€witnesses,€that€the€continued€custody€of€the€child€by€theÏparent€or€Indian€custodian€is€likely€to€result€in€serious€emotional€or€physical€damage€toÏthe€child.ðð€€(25€U.S.C.€ðð€1912(f);€accord,€Cal.€Rules€of€Court,€rule€1439(m).)ÌÌà  àICWA€provides€not€additional€requirements€if€a€tribe€never€intervenes.€€(òòIn€re€Ô_00ÔL.BÔ_00ÔóóÐ ° Ð(2003)€110€Cal.App.4th€1420,1427.)òòóóÐ °  ÐÌà  àStandard€of€review:€€Review€failure€to€place€with€Indian€family€for€substantialÏevidence,€even€when€there€was€a€section€388€petition.€€(òòFresno€County€Dept.€of€ChildrenÐ °  Ð&€Family€Services€v.€Superior€Court€óó(2004)€122€Cal.App.4th€626,Ô#†XW@X‹ŠCãmv#ÔÔ‡ŠCã‹XXW@Ô644.)Ð °  ÐÔ#†XW@X‹ŠCãz#ÔÌà  à