ÿWPC¥ âFó¨% .á’ÜòPΓôù¡Æ–T³5¿:ž“e¼*ûÈoë#:Lí4Yt÷ÉyÖž*HîMÝ.—òñé3M&šûY5r1r¢0Èê“›7ë#"Vô©Ì5¼°*!%¬¶ZÒÝ#M`0Cñ5ŠÀ1†Æ0¿ÝÂf|¬¦ ã2S‡’³¶Ñ.0G‡FO¬¬H,£·$š©ÀÀ¸Û¡ŽÈ;…P‚‹® „óö_4ô®–V…Ò!²À)^a“œú;œQènÈuÉÿ·UYYŸé[^òÀ~ðb,Öþ›ÈBóZBBÃ`@¡?Í{‘ =þÙ:)a(]˜Z™ï|as* z¸ 4_ œ*é™þ½’«%1ùCb8sºï ˆÝ‰*7¯X}.VP¬ž¼˜-ÏmO}½¦²¿0 yB…ÔÈ]á–äQoIÌTG[l£ ß­'> ¾ZLk¤2Ê?Ÿî§*¢ÔrLvL®¯q“Gl12˜ðÕ¤©pÔ-/vêC­¿B ºSy}ªäã÷Û¬ˆP}ðZ¼Q*Wˆ@MáhÞJ<‰šo ¶€ØWx20ÔÛ~€`¾Ñi£æÞâ,«X‡,æ ÏÄæáê ÀfÌãì0k{?‘ó#!–U*N· % 0( UN3^ w@4Íáð mò   ! ; W k }‘ 0 N™ç ý  0D]u…N“•˜HP LaserJet 5SiÈÈ,,,,ÈÈ0(ÈhH  Z‹6Times New Roman RegularX($¡¡xÈhH  Z6Times New Roman Regular *.8‰ ÍÎÏEÐÑwÒwÓwÔwÕwÖwˆ…N7~& œCorel3|xÖÿU‹ÿÀÀÀGENERALLYCONCLUSIVEDECLARATIONUNIFORMKELSEYALLEGED (ÍO$——ÔÿÔòòóóÔÿÔCONCLUSIVEBLOODBLOOD(3¯$¦¦Ý ƒ!ÝÝ  ÝDECLARATIONUNIFORMKELSEYALLEGEDÝ ƒ!ÝÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXÔÑ8€W@XdìdÈ8Ñò òÓ  ÓPATERNITYó óÐ ° ÐÓ…ÓÌGenerallyÌñÑñÔ4‚Ý °ÔÝ‚ÍOÝÔÿÔòòÝ  ÝÔ5  ÔñÑñConclusive€PresumptionñÑñÔ6ÒÔÝ‚ÍOæƒÝóóÔÿÔÝ  ÝÔ7Ý  ÔñÑñÐ ° ÐñÒñÔ4‚Ý °ÔÝ‚ÍOÝÔÿÔòòÝ  ÝÔ5  ÔñÒñBlood€TestsñÒñÔ6¶ÔÝ‚ÍOʃÝóóÔÿÔÝ  ÝÔ7Ý ÈøÔñÒñÐ ° ÐñÓñÔ4‚Ý °ÔÝ‚ÍOÝÔÿÔòòÝ  ÝÔ5  ÔñÓñDeclaration€of€PaternityñÓñÔ6ÔÝ‚ÍO£ƒÝóóÔÿÔÝ  ÝÔ7Ý Ô ÑÔñÓñÐ °  ÐñÔñÔ4‚Ý °ÔÝ‚ÍOÝÔÿÔòòÝ  ÝÔ5  ÔñÔñUniform€Parentage€ActñÔñÔ6uÔÝ‚ÍO‰ƒÝóóÔÿÔÝ  ÝÔ7Ý ž ·ÔñÔñÐ °  ÐñÕñÔ4‚Ý °ÔÝ‚ÍOÝÔÿÔòòÝ  ÝÔ5  ÔñÕñÔ_ÔKelseyÔ_Ô€S.ñÕñÔ6XÔÝ‚ÍOlƒÝóóÔÿÔÝ  ÝÔ7Ý êšÔñÕñÐ °  ÐÔ_ÔñÖñÔ4‚Ý °ÔÝ‚ÍOÝÔÿÔòòÝ  ÝÔ5  ÔñÖñAllegedÔ_Ô€FatherñÖñÔ6_ÔÝ‚ÍOsƒÝóóÔÿÔÝ  ÝÔ7Ý Ä ¡ÔñÖñÐ °  ÐÌÔ% ‡ ÔGENERALLYÔ%† GÔ:Ìà  àThe€juvenile€court€has€exclusive€jurisdiction€to€determine€paternity€when€theÏdependency€petition€is€filed.€€An€alleged€father€may€move€to€be€declared€the€presumedÏfather€or€the€court€may€initiate€the€determination€by€taking€evidence,€affidavits,€and€soÏon,€or€by€ordering€a€blood€test.€€(òòIn€re€Ô_ÔJesusaÔ_Ô€V.óó€(2004)€32€Cal.4th588,Ô#†XW@X‹Šã +#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô620.)Ð ° ÐÌà  àð ðAlthough€more€than€one€individual€may€fulfill€the€statutory€criteria€that€gives€riseÏto€a€presumption€of€paternity,€ððthere€can€only€be€one€presumed€father.ðð€ðð€€(òòIn€re€Ô_ÔJesusaÔ_Ô€V.óóÐ ° Ð(2004)€32€Cal.4th588,Ô#†XW@X‹Šã  #ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô603;€Ô#†XW@X‹Šã … #ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@ÔòòBrian€C.€v.€Ginger€K.óó€(2000)€77€Cal.App.4th€1198,€1223.)€Ð ° ÐÌà  àð ðIn€dependency€proceedings,€ððfathersðð€are€divided€into€four€categoriesð"ðnatural,Ïpresumed,€alleged,€and€de€facto.€€(òòIn€re€Jerry€Póó.€(2002)€95€Cal.App.4th€793,€801.)€€AÐ ° Ðnatural€father€is€one€who€has€been€established€as€a€childððs€biological€father.€€(òòIdóó,€at€p.Ð ° Ð801.)€€Use€of€the€term€ððnatural€fatherðð€means€that€while€the€manððs€biological€paternity€hasÏbeen€established,€he€ððhas€not€achieved€presumed€father€status€as€defined€in€[former]€CivilÏCode€section€7004.ðð€€(òòIn€re€Ô_ÔZachariaÔ_Ô€D.óó€(1993)€6€Cal.4th€435,€449,€fn.€15.)€€[ðð]€Ð ° Ðð ðððPresumed€fatherhood,€for€purposes€of€dependency€proceedings,€denotes€one€whoÏððpromptly€comes€forward€and€demonstrates€a€full€commitment€to€.€.€.€€paternalÏresponsibilitiesð"ðemotional,€financial,€and€otherwise[.]ðð€ðð€€(òòIn€re€Jerry€P.,€supra,óó€95Ð °  ÐCal.App.4th€at€pp.€801„802.)€€A€natural€father€can€be€a€presumed€father,€but€is€notÏnecessarily€one;€and€a€presumed€father€can€be€a€natural€father,€but€is€not€necessarily€one.€Ï(òòId.óó€at€pp.€801.)€€[ðð]€€An€alleged€father€may€be€the€father€of€a€dependent€child.€€However,Ð °# Ðhe€has€not€yet€been€established€to€be€the€childððs€natural€or€presumed€father.€€(òòIn€re€JerryÐ °$  ÐP.,€supraóó,€95€Cal.App.4th€at€p.€801.)€€A€de€facto€father€is€someone€such€as€a€stepparentÐ °%!! Ðwho€has,€on€a€day„to„day€basis,€assumed€the€role€of€a€parent€for€a€substantial€period€ofÏtime.€€(òòId.óó€at€p.801;€òòIn€re€Crystal€J.óó€(2001)€92€Cal.App.4th€186,€190;€Cal.€Rules€ofÐ °'## ÐCourt,€rule€1401(a)(8).)€€Use€of€the€word€ððparentðð€in€the€dependency€statutes€does€notÏinclude€de€facto€parents.€€(òòIn€re€Ô_ÔZachariaÔ_Ô€D.,€supraóó,€6€Cal.4th€at€p.€448€[observing€thatÐ °)%% Ðde€facto€parents€are€not€ððparentsðð€for€purposes€of€reunification€services].)ðð€€(òòIn€re€A.A.óóÐ °*&& Ð(2003)€114€Cal.App.4th€771,€779.)Ô#†XW@X‹Šã Ì #ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@ÔÐ °+'' ЇÔ_Ôà  àPresumptive€father€=€legal€father€=€the€man€with€the€rights€and€responsibilities€ofÏa€father,€even€if€not€the€biological€father.€€Alleged€father€=€one€who€allegedly€is€theÏbiological€or€natural€father,€or€otherwise€entitled€to€become€the€presumptive€(legal)Ïfather.€€(òòIn€re€Ô_ÔZachariaÔ_Ô€D.óó€(1993)€6€Cal.4th€435,€449,€fn.€15;€òòAdoption€of€Ô_ÔKelseyÔ_Ô€S.óóÐ ° Ð(1992)€1€Cal.4th€816,€823,€fn.€3;€òòIn€re€Karen€C.óó€(2002)€101€Cal.App.4th932,€937„938Ð ° Ð[ð ðde€jureðð€father€under€ðð€7611];€òòIn€re€Jerry€P.óó€(2002)€95€Cal.App.4th€793€[an€ð ðequitableÐ °  Ðfatherðð€and€ð ðquasi€presumed€fatherðð€=€òòÔ_ÔKelseyÔ_Ô€Sóó.€father];€€òòIn€re€Joseph€G.óó€(2000)€€83Ð °  ÐCal.App.4th€712,€715€[a€biological€father€was€unable€to€become€a€presumed€father];€seeÏòòIn€re€Ô_ÔShereeceÔ_Ô€B.óó€(1991)€231€Cal.App.3d€613,€622€[a€non„presumed€father€has€noÐ °  Ðparental€rights€over€a€child].)Ìà  àBiological€father€=€natural€father€where€biological€paternity€is€established€but€notÏlegal€paternity.€€(òòIn€re€Ô_ÔZachariaÔ_Ô€D.óó€(1993)€6€Cal.4th€435,€451;€òòIn€re€Jerry€P.óó€(2002)€95Ð °  ÐCal.App.4th€793,€801€[biological€father€=€a€natural€father;€might€also€be€the€presumedÏfather].)€òòóó€Alleged€father€may€be€father€whose€biological€paternity€has€not€yet€beenÐ °  Ðdetermined€or€the€biological€paternity€is€established€but€not€the€legal€paternity.€Ï(òòÔ_ÔZachariaÔ_Ô,supra,óó€at€p.€449,€fn.€15.)ðð€(òòFrancisco€G.€v.€Superior€Courtóó€(2001)€91Ð ° ÐCal.App.4th€586,€596;€òòIn€re€Jerry€P.óó€(2002)€95€Cal.App.4th€793,€801.)Ð ° Ðà  àDe€facto€father€=€a€stepfather€who€has€assumed€the€role€of€a€parent.€€(òòIn€re€JerryÐ ° ÐP.óó€(2002)€95€Cal.App.4th€793,€801;€òòIn€re€Crystal€J.€óó(2001)€92€Cal.App.4th€186,€190.)Ð ° ÐÌà  àThe€state€has€an€ð ðinterest€in€preserving€and€protecting€the€developed€parent„¼childÔ#†XW@X‹Šã ˜#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô...Ô#†XW@X‹Šã ¢#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô€relationship€which€give€young€children€social€and€emotional€strength€andÐ ° Ðstability.ðð€€(òòIn€re€Nicholas€H.óó€(2002)€28€Cal.4th€56,€65,€internal€quotation€marksÐ ° Ðomitted.)ÌÌà  àð ðThere€is€a€compelling€state€interest€in€establishing€paternity€for€all€children.ðð€Ï(Fam.€Code,€ðð€7570,€subd.€(a).)€€ð ðEstablishing€paternity€is€the€first€step€toward€a€childÏsupport€award,€which,€in€turn,€provides€children€with€equal€rights€and€access€to€benefits,Ïincluding,€but€not€limited€to,€social€security,€health€insurance,€survivorsðð€benefits,Ïmilitary€benefits,€and€inheritance€rights.€€Knowledge€of€family€medical€history€is€oftenÏnecessary€for€correct€diagnosis€and€treatment.€€Additionally,€knowing€oneððs€father€isÏimportant€to€a€childððs€development.ðð€€(Fam.€Code,€ðð€7570,€subd.€(a).)€€Ìà  àð ðThe€Legislature€has€...€made€perfectly€clear€that€public€policy€(and,€we€mightÏadd,€common€sense)€favors,€whenever€possible,€the€establishment€of€legal€parenthoodÏwith€the€concomitant€responsibilities.ðð€€(òòMarriage€of€Ô_ÔBuzzancaÔ_Ôóó€(1998)€€61€Cal.App.4th€atÐ °&"" Ðp.€Ô_ÔÔ_ÔÔ_Ô1423.)Ô_ÔÌà  àJudicial€determination€of€parentage€is€a€mix€of€genetic€truth€and€implication€ofÏpublic€policy€in€favor€of€marriage€and€stability€and€against€illegitimacy€(and€orphanage).€Ï(òòIn€re€Karen€C.óó€(2002)€101€Cal.App.4th932,937.)Ð °*&& ÐÐ °+'' Їà  àAn€order€of€child€support€by€default€judgment€does€not€require€any€evidence€orÏfinding€of€paternity€[thus,€would€be€error€to€use€the€judgment€as€evidence€of€paternity].€Ï(òòCounty€of€Lake€v.€Ô_ÔPallaÔ_Ôóó€(2001)€94€Cal.App.4th€4718,€427.)Ð ° Ðà  àFamily€Support€programs€required€under€title€IV„D€of€the€Social€Security€Act€toÏrecoup€welfare€costs.€€(42€U.S.C.€ðððð€661„669b;€òòCounty€of€Yuba€v.€Ô_ÔSavedraÔ_Ôóó€(2000)€78Ð ° ÐCal.App.4th€1311,€1317„1318€[when€entering€default€judgment,€district€attorney€need€notÏshow€any€evidence€to€support€the€allegations€in€the€complaint];€òòClark€v.€Superior€CourtóóÐ °  Ð(1998)€62€Cal.App.4th€576,€579.)€€A€county€may€bring€an€action€for€child€support€whenÏ(1)€the€child€is€receiving€public€assistance,€(2)€the€party€to€a€divorce€proceeding€hasÏapplied€for€public€assistance,€or€requested€to€do€so€by€the€individual€on€whose€behalf€theÏenforcement€efforts€will€be€mad€when€the€child€is€not€receiving€public€assistance.€Ï(òòCounty€of€Los€Angeles€v.€Fergusonóó€(1979)€94€Cal.3d€549,€554;€(Ô_ÔWelfÔ_Ô.€&€Inst.€Code,€ððÐ °  Ð17400,€subd.€(a).)Ìà  àPaternity€order€remains€despite€lies€from€the€mother€regarding€the€biologicalÏfather.€€(òòIn€re€Margaritaóó€(1999)€72€Cal.App.4th€1288;€òòCity€and€County€of€San€FranciscoÐ ° Ðv.€Cartagena€óó(1995)€35€Cal.App.4th€1061,€1067„1068€[extrinsic€fraud€is€not€cause€forÐ ° Ðreversing€paternity€judgment€when€tests€show€the€ððfatherðð€is€not€the€biological€father];ÏòòCity€and€County€of€San€Francisco€v.€Stanleyóó€(1994)€24€Cal.App.4th€1724,€1728€[resÐ ° Ðjudicata€effect];€òòóóÔ#†XW@X‹Šã é#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ôbut€see€òòCounty€of€Los€Angeles€v.€Navarroóó€(2004)€120€Cal.App.4th€246,Ð ° Ð249.)ÌÌà  àWhen€the€court€finds€one€person€to€be€the€father€against€another€potential€father,€itÏmust€join€the€other€alleged€father€and€give€him€an€opportunity€to€participate.€€(òòCounty€ofÐ ° ÐLos€Angeles€v.€Sheldon€P.óó€(2002)€102€Cal.App.4th1337,€1345.)€€Ð ° ÐÌà  àWhen€a€person€tries€to€set€aside€the€finding€of€another€man€being€found€to€be€theÏpresumed€father,€the€then€presumed€father€must€be€joined€in€the€litigation.€€(Ô‡Š²ý‹‹Šã ÔòòGabriel€P.€v.Ð ° ÐÔ_ÔSuediÔ_Ô€D.óó€(2006)€141€Ô#†Šã ‹‹Š²ý’+#ÔCal.App.4thÔ‡Š²ý‹‹Šã Ô€850,Ô#†Šã ‹‹Š²ý;,#ÔÔ#†XW@X‹Šã 5)#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô€864„865.)Ð ° ÐÌà  àFinding€that€one€person€is€the€presumed€parent€instead€of€another€who€had€been€aÏpresumed€parent€does€not€amount€to€termination€of€parental€rights.€€ð ðA€declaration€ofÏpresumed€fatherhood€entitles€the€presumed€father€to€reunification€services€and€custody€ofÏthe€child€[citation]€but€does€not€itself€terminate€the€[other]€fatherððs€parental€relationshipÏwith€the€child.€[Citation.]€Termination€of€parental€rights€requires€further€proceedings.ðð€Ï(òòIn€re€Ô_ÔJesusaÔ_Ô€V.óó€(2004)€32€Cal.4th588,Ô#†XW@X‹Šã ¥,#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô610.)Ô#†XW@X‹Šã $/#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@ÔÐ °&"" ÐÌà  àThe€court€can€reconsider€paternity€because€of€new€evidence€under€Family€CodeÏsection€7575,€Ô#†XW@X‹Šã k/#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@ÔsubdivisionÔ#†XW@X‹Šã *0#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô€(c)(1).€€(Ô‡Š²ý‹‹Šã ÔòòGabriel€P.€v.€Ô_ÔSuediÔ_Ô€D.óó€(2006)€141€Ô#†Šã ‹‹Š²ý¡0#ÔCal.App.4thÔ‡Š²ý‹‹Šã Ô€850,Ô#†Šã ‹‹Š²ý61#ÔÔ#†XW@X‹Šã w0#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@ÔÐ °)%% Ð863.)ÌÐ °+'' Ðà  àStanding:€€County€family€support€has€standing€to€set€aside€a€voluntary€declarationÏof€paternity.€€(òòCounty€of€Los€Angeles€v.€Sheldon€P.óó€(2002)€102€Cal.App.4th1337,Ð ° Ð13475.)ÌÌà  àStanding:€Minor€has€standing€to€contest€parentage€under€Family€Code€sectionÏ7650.€€(òòIn€re€Karen€C.óó€(2002)€101€Cal.App.4th932,€936.)Ð °  ÐÌà  àStanding:€€€A€person€has€standing€to€contest€on€appeal€that€denied€standing€in€theÏsuperior€court€when€the€court€denied€paternity€status.€€(òòIn€re€Baby€Boy€V.óó€(2006)€140Ð °  ÐÔ#†XW@X‹Šã  1#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@ÔCal.App.4thÔ#†XW@X‹Šã `4#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô€1108,€Ô#†XW@X‹Šã ­4#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô1116„1117;€òòIn€re€Paul€H.óó€(2003)€111€Cal.App.4th€753,€759;€òòPeople€v.Ð °  ÐSuperior€Court€(Ô_ÔPlascenciaÔ_Ô)óó€(2002)€103€Ô‡Š²ý‹‹Šã ÔCal.App.4thÔ#†Šã ‹‹Š²ýÀ5#Ô€409,€414;€see€òòIn€re€Catherine€H.óóÐ °  Ð(2002)€102€Cal.App.4th€1284,€1294.)ÌÌà  àWaiver:€€Denial€of€paternity€can€be€appealed€if€the€alleged€father€came€forward,Ïthough€he€did€not€file€a€section€388€petition.€€(òòIn€re€Baby€Boy€V.óó€(2006)€140€Ô#†XW@X‹Šã ö4#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@ÔCal.App.4thÔ#†XW@X‹Šã B7#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@ÔÐ ° Ð1108,€Ô#†XW@X‹Šã 7#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô1116.)Ð ° ÐÌà  àStandard€of€review:€Substantial€evidence.€€(òòIn€re€A.A.óó€(2003)€114€Cal.App.4thÐ ° Ð771,€782;€òòRodney€F.€v.€Karen€M.óó€(1998)61€Cal.App.4th233,€241;€òòIn€re€Spencer€W.Ð ° Ðóó(1996)€48€Ô‡Š²ý‹‹Šã ÔÔ#†X†X‹Š²ýì7#ÔÔ‡Š²ý‹XX†ÔCal.App.4th€Ô#†Šã ‹‹Š²ý9#ÔÔ#†XW@X‹Šã X9#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô1647,€1650.)Ð ° ÐÌà  àRemedy:€€Reverse€termination€of€parental€rights€when€the€superior€court€fails€toÏfollow€procedure€to€permit€an€alleged€father€become€a€presumed€father.€€(òòIn€re€Paul€H.óóÐ ° Ð(2003)€111€Cal.App.4th€753,€760„761.)ÌÔ#†XW@X‹Šã É9#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@ÔÌÔ% ‡ ÔCONCLUSIVEÔ%† A;Ô€PRESUMPTION:Ìà  àÔ_ÔFamCÔ_Ô€ðð€7540€€ò ò[Marriage€presumption]ó óÐ ° ÐExcept€as€provided€in€Section€7541,€ò òthe€child€of€a€wife€Ô_ÔcohabitatingÔ_Ô€with€herÐ ´ Ðhusband,€who€is€not€impotent€or€sterile,€is€conclusively€presumed€to€be€a€child€of€theÏmarriage.ó óÐ ¸! Ѐ€FamC€ðð€7541(a)€€Notwithstanding€Section€7540,€if€the€court€find€that€the€conclusions€ofÏall€the€experts,€as€disclosed€by€€the€evidence€based€on€blood€tests€performed€pursuant€toÏ[ðð7550€et€seq.],€are€that€the€husband€is€not€the€father€of€the€child,€the€question€of€theÏpaternity€of€the€husband€shall€be€resolved€accordingly.Ì€€(b)€The€notice€of€motion€for€blood€tests€under€this€section€may€be€filed€not€later€thanÏtwo€years€from€the€childððs€date€of€birth€by€the€husband,€or€for€the€purpose€of€establishingÏpaternity€by€the€presumed€father€of€the€child€through€or€by€the€childððs€guardian€ad€litem.€ÏAs€used€in€this€subdivision,€ð ðpresumed€fatherðð€has€the€meaning€given€in€Sections€7611Ïand€7612.€...Ô‡Š²ý‹‹Šã Ô€.Ô#†Šã ‹‹Š²ý±?#ԀР¸*&& ÐÐ ¸+'' Ðà  àFamily€Code€7540€section€creates€a€conclusive€presumption€of€paternity€for€aÏminor€conceived€during€marriage€unless€rebutted€within€two€years€by€a€blood€testÏrequested€by€the€mother,€her€husband,€the€minor,€or€a€presumed€father€under€FamilyÏCode€section€7541.€€ÌÌà  àPolicy:€€ð ðTraditionally,€it€was€stated€that€the€presumption€was€designed€toÏpreserve€the€integrity€of€the€family€unit,€protect€children€from€the€legal€and€social€stigmaÏof€illegitimacy,€and€promote€individual€rather€than€state€responsibility€for€child€support.ðð€Ï(òòCounty€of€Orange€v.€Leslie€B.óó€(1993)€14€Cal.App.4th976,€Ô#†XW@X‹Šã !;#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô980.)Ð °  ÐÌà  àThe€conclusive€presumption€normally€does€not€violate€due€process.€€(òòMichael€H.Ð °  Ðv.€Gerald€D.óó€(1989)€491€U.S.€110,€124„127€[even€when€biological€father€wishes€aÐ °  Ðrelationship€with€the€minor,€unless€òòLisa€R.€óósituation];€òòLehr€v.€Robertsonóó€(1983)€463€U.S.Ð °  Ð248€259„260€[same];€òòCraig€L€v.€Sandy€S.óó€(2004)€125€Cal.App.4th€36,€47€[same,€but€if€aÐ °  Ðrelationship€is€permitted,€a€biological€father€can€become€a€presumed€father€under€ðð€7611,Ïsubd.€(d)];€òòDawn€D.€v.€Superior€Courtóó€(1998)€17€Cal.App.4th€932,€945€[same];€òòMichelleÐ ° ÐW.€v.€Ronald€W.óó€(1985)€39€Cal.3d€354,€362„363;€òòRodney€F.€v.€Karen€M.óó€(1998)€61Ð ° ÐCal.App.4th€233,239;€òòMiller€v.€Milleróó€(1998)€64€Cal.App.4th€111,119„120;€but€see€òòIn€reÐ ° ÐLisa€R.óó€(1975)€15€Cal.3d€636,€650„651€[private€interests€of€biological€father€outweighedÐ ° Ðthe€stateððs€interest€in€furthering€the€policy€of€the€conclusive€presumption€when€biologicalÏfather€lived€with€the€mother€before€and€after€birth,€contributed€to€the€childððs€support,€andÏstayed€active€in€the€dependency€proceeding€while€the€mother€and€husband€had€died];€òòInÐ ° Ðre€Melissa€G.€óó(1989)€213€Cal.App.3d€1082,€1085„1086;€òòCounty€of€Orange€v.€Leslie€B.óóÐ ° Ð(1993)€14€Cal.App.4th976,€980„983€[€marriage€ended€before€child€was€born€andÏbiological€father€tried€to€avoid€paying€child€support];€òòÔ_ÔCominoÔ_Ô€v.€Kelleyóó€(1994)€25Ð ° ÐCal.App.4th678,€683€[marriage€was€a€ð ðbusiness€arrangement,ðð€biological€father€on€theÏbirth€certificate];€òòAlicia€R.€v.€Timothy€M.óó€(1994)€29€Cal.App.4th€1232€[marriage€annulledÐ ° Ðtwo€years€after€child€born].)€€ÌÌà  àThe€presumption€must€be€rebutted€by€blood€test,€under€Family€Code€7541,€beforeÏthe€childððs€second€birthday.€€Otherwise,€the€presumption€could€be€rebutted€only€uponÏevidence€the€father€was€sterile.€€(òòIn€re€Marriage€of€Freemanóó€(1996)€45€Ô‡Š²ý‹‹Šã ÔÔ#†X†X‹Š²ý¯B#ÔÔ‡Š²ý‹XX†ÔCal.App.4thÔ#†Šã ‹‹Š²ý6K#ÔÔ#†XW@X‹Šã xK#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@ÔÐ °# Ð1437,€1444„1445.)€€Only€the€minorððs€guardian€ad€litem€and€the€presumed€father€underÏFamily€Code€section€7611€or€7612€can€petition€for€one.€€(òòIn€re€Elijah€V.óó€(2005)€127Ð °%!! ÐCal.App.4th€576,€Ô#†XW@X‹Šã èK#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô585€[alleged€father€did€not€have€standing€to€rebut€the€conclusiveÐ °&"" Ðpresumption€of€the€motherððs€husband];€òòCraig€L.€v.€Sandy€S.óó€(2004)€125€Cal.App.4th€36,Ð °'## Ð49.)ÌÌà  àFamily€Code€7540€is€not€really€a€presumption€but€is€instead€ð ða€rule€of€substantiveÏlaw.ðð€€(òòEstate€of€Ô_ÔCorneliousÔ_Ôóó€(1984)€35€Ô‡Š²ý‹‹Šã ÔÔ#†X†X‹Š²ýM#ÔÔ‡Š²ý‹XX†ÔCal.3dÔ#†Šã ‹‹Š²ýµN#ÔÔ#†XW@X‹Šã ÷N#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô€461,464;€òòÔ_ÔKusiorÔ_Ô€v.€Silveróó€(1960)€54Ð °+'' ÐÔ_ÔÔ‡Š²ý‹‹Šã ÔÔ#†X†X‹Š²ýbO#ÔÔ‡Š²ý‹XX†ÔCal.2dÔ#†Šã ‹‹Š²ýñO#ÔÔ#†XW@X‹Šã 3P#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô€603,€619;€òòMarriage€of€Freemanóó€(1996)€45€Cal.App.4th€1437,€1444„1445.)Ð ° ÐÌà  àThe€husband€and€wife€must€be€Ô_ÔcohabitatingÔ_Ô.€€No€presumption€without€substantiveÏcohabitation.€€(òòSteven€W.€v.€Matthew€S.óó€(1995)€33€Cal.App.4th€1108,€1115€[separatedÐ ° Ðwifeððs€weekend€tryst€with€husband€away€from€home€not€enough];€òòÔ_ÔCominoÔ_Ô€v.€KelleyóóÐ ° Ð(1994)€25€Cal.App.4th€678,981,984€[marriage€for€business€purposes€only];€òòCity€andÐ °  ÐCounty€of€San€Francisco€v.€Ô_ÔStahlendorfÔ_Ôóó€(1992)€7€Cal.App.4th€1191,1914„1915€[spousesÐ °  Ðhad€not€met€at€time€of€conception];€but€see€òòIn€re€Elijah€V.óó€(2005)€127€Cal.App.4th€576,Ð °  ÐÔ#†XW@X‹Šã žP#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô586€[presumption€applied€when€husband€had€sex€with€mother€once€nine€months€ago,Ð °  Ðthough€mother€lived€with€the€alleged€father].)ÌÌà  àWife€of€a€man,€who€had€an€affair,€is€not€the€presumed€mother€over€the€biologicalÏmother€because€blood€tests€under€Family€Code€section€7541€would€show€lack€ofÏparentage.€€(òòAmy€G.€v.€Ô_ÔM.W.Ô_Ô€óó(2006)142€Ô#†XW@X‹Šã  T#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@ÔCal.App.4thÔ#†XW@X‹Šã íU#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô€1,€Ô#†XW@X‹Šã :V#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô15.)Ð °  ÐÌÔ% ‡ ÔBLOODÔ%†¹VÔ€TESTS:Ìà  àÔ_ÔFamCÔ_Ô€ðð€7550„7558€ò òó óÐ ° ÐÌà  àAlthough€blood€tests€showed€it€was€99.9%€certain€the€man€was€the€childððs€father,Ïa€party€could€introduce€evidence€to€rebut€this€inference€by€showing€the€man€never€hadÏaccess€to€the€mother€when€she€conceived.€€(òòCity€and€County€of€San€Francisco€v.€GivensóóÐ ° Ð(2000)€85€Cal.App.4th€51,€55„56;€see€also€òòCounty€of€El€Dorado€v.€Ô_ÔMisuraÔ_Ôóó€(1995)€33Ð ° ÐCal.App.4th€73,€83.)€ÌÌà  àA€man€need€not€establish€biological€evidence€to€become€a€presumed€father.€€(òòIn€reÐ ° ÐNicholas€H.óó€(2002)€28€Cal.4th€56,€59,€60,€63;€òòÔ_ÔCominoÔ_Ô€v.€Kelleyóó€(1994)€25€Cal.App.4thÐ ° Ð678,€685€[ðð€7611(d)];òòóó€òòJohnson€v.€Ô_ÔCalvertÔ_Ôóó€(1993)€5€Cal.4th€84,€91„92€[presumption€ofÐ ° Ðparenthood€to€the€surrogate€parents];òòÔ#†XW@X‹Šã €V#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô€In€re€Ô_ÔKianaÔ_Ô€A.óó€(2001)€93€Cal.App.4th€1109,€1116,Ð ° Ð1117„1118€[father€who€took€minor€in€home€and€provided€the€necessities€of€life€shouldÏprevail€over€biological€father€in€custody];€Ô#†XW@X‹Šã òZ#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@ÔòòSteven€W.€v.€Matthew€S.óó€(1995)€33Ð °! ÐCal.App.4th€1108,€1116„1117;€see€also€ðð€7540,€above;€òòDawn€D.€v.€Superior€CourtóóÐ °" Ð(1998)€17€Cal.4th€932€[ðð€7611(a)€&€(b)€husband€had€priority€over€allegedly€biologicalÏfather];Ô#†XW@X‹Šã \#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô€but€see€òòBrian€C.€v.€Ginger€K.óó€(2000)€77€Cal.App.4th€1198;€1222;€òòIn€re€Olivia€H.óóÐ °$  Ð(1987)€196€Cal.App.3d€325,€330,€disapproved€on€this€point€in€òòÔ_ÔInÔ_Ô€re€Nicholas€H.óó€(2002)Ð °%!! Ð28€Cal.4th€56,€70;€òòIn€re€Marriage€of€Ô_ÔMoschettaÔ_Ôóó€(1994)€25€Cal.App.4th€1218€[baby€givenÐ °&"" Ðto€surrogate€parents].)ÌÌà  àFamily€Code€section€7551€authorizes€blood€tests€to€determine€if€an€alleged€fatherÏis€or€is€not€the€natural€father;€it€does€not€authorize€blood€tests€of€only€presumed€fathers.€Ï(òòIn€re€Raphael€P.óó€(2002)97€Cal.App.4th716.)€€The€court€can€Ô_ÔsuaÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔsponteÔ_Ô€order€bloodÐ °+'' Ðtest.€€(òòIn€re€Elijah€V.óó€(2005)€127€Cal.App.4th€576,€Ô#†XW@X‹Šã i]#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô586,€fn.€3.)Ð ° ÐÌà  àCourt€can€deny€blood€test€for€alleged€father€when€there€is€a€presumed€fatherÏunless€comply€with€Family€Code€section€7631.€€(òòIn€re€Christopher€M.óó€(2003)€113Ð ° ÐCal.App.4th€155,€164.)ÌÌà  àCourt€correctly€denies€blood€test€when€the€minor€is€in€a€secure€home€(and€the€manÏwould€not€be€found€to€be€the€father€even€with€a€positive€blood€test)€in€order€to€protect€theÏminorððs€right€to€privacy.€€Ô‡Šª‹‹ŠÃéÔ(òòIn€re€Joshua€R.óó€(2002)€104€Cal.App.4th€1020,€1024„1025,Ð °  Ð1027€[alleged€father€who€learned€of€minor€when€17€months€old€and€waited€through€fiveÏyears€of€dependency€proceedings€before€requesting€blood€tests€when€new€dependencyÏpetition€was€filed];€òòPrato„Morrison€v.€Doeóó€(2002)€103€Cal.App.4th€222,€Ô#†ŠÃé‹‹Šªÿ]#Ô231.)Ð °  ÐÌà  àStanding:€€Under€Family€Code€section€7541,€Ô#†XwbX‹ŠÃé \#ÔÔ‡ŠÃé‹XXwbÔsubdivisionÔ#†XwbX‹ŠÃéý_#ÔÔ‡ŠÃé‹XXwbÔ€(b),€only€the€husband,Ð °  Ðthe€presumed€father,€or€the€guardian„ad„litem€of€the€child€may€petition€for€a€blood€testÏwithin€two€years€to€rebut€the€conclusive€presumption.€€(òòRodney€F.€v.€Karen€M.óó€(1998)61Ð ° ÐCal.App.4th€233,€239„240;€òòDawn€D.€v.€Superior€Courtóó€(1998)€17€Cal.4th€932,€942.)Ð ° ÐÌà  àStandard€of€review:€€A€trial€courtððs€order€granting€or€denying€a€request€for€geneticÏtesting€is€reviewed€for€abuse€of€discretion.€€(òòCruz€v.€Ô#†XwbX‹ŠÃéJ`#ÔÔ‡ŠÃé‹XXwbÔSuperior€CourtÔ#†XwbX‹ŠÃéb#ÔÔ‡ŠÃé‹XXwbÔ€óó(2004)€121Ð ° ÐÔ#†XwbX‹ŠÃéÝb#ÔÔ‡ŠÃé‹XXwbÔCal.App.4thÔ#†XwbX‹ŠÃéBc#ÔÔ‡ŠÃé‹XXwbÔ€646,€648;€òòIn€re€Joshua€R.óó€(2002)€104€Ô#†XwbX‹ŠÃéc#ÔÔ‡ŠÃé‹XXwbÔCal.App.4thÔ#†XwbX‹ŠÃéýc#ÔÔ‡ŠÃé‹XXwbÔ€1020,€1025.)Ð ° ÐÌÔ% ‡ ÔDECLARATIONÔ%†ŒdÔ€OF€PATERNITY:Ì€€à  àÔ_ÔFamCÔ_Ô€ðð€7573€[ò òVoluntary€declaration€of€paternityó ó]Ð ° ÐExcept€as€provided€in€Sections€7575,€7576,€and€7577,€a€completed€voluntary€declarationÏof€paternity,€as€described€in€Section€7574,€that€has€been€filed€with€the€Department€ofÏChild€Support€Services€shall€establish€the€paternity€of€a€child€and€shall€have€the€sameÏforce€and€effect€as€a€judgment€for€paternity€issued€by€a€court€of€competent€jurisdiction.€ÏThe€voluntary€declaration€of€paternity€shall€be€recognized€as€a€basis€for€the€establishmentÏof€an€order€for€child€custody,€visitation,€or€child€support.Ì€€Ô_ÔFamCÔ_Ô€ðð€7574€€The€voluntary€declaration€of€paternity€shall€be€executed€on€a€formÏdeveloped€by€the€Department€of€Child€Support€Services€...Ô‡Šª‹‹ŠÃéÔ€.Ô#†ŠÃé‹‹Šªêg#Ô€€The€form€...€shall€containÐ ´# Ð...Ô‡Šª‹‹ŠÃéÔ€€Ô#†ŠÃé‹‹Šªfh#Ô€€Ô_ÔFamCÔ_Ô€ðð€7575€[Rescinding€voluntary€declaration€of€paternity€within€60€days;Ð ´$  Ðrebutting€presumption€by€blood€tests.]Ì€€FamC€ðð€7576€€The€following€provisions€shall€apply€for€voluntary€declarations€signedÏon€or€before€December€31,€1996:Ì€€(a)€€Except€as€provided€in€subdivision€(d),€the€child€of€a€woman€and€a€man€executing€aÏdeclaration€of€paternity€under€this€chapter€is€conclusively€presumed€to€be€the€manððsÏchild.€€The€presumption€under€this€section€has€the€same€force€and€effect€as€theÏpresumption€under€Section€7540.Ð ´+'' Ѐ€(d)€The€presumption€established€by€this€chapter€may€be€rebutted€by€any€personÏrequesting€a€blood€or€genetic€test€pursuant€to€[ðð€7550€et€seq.]€...€made€within€three€yearsÏ...Ô‡Šª‹‹ŠÃéÔ€.Ô#†ŠÃé‹‹Šª¹k#ԀР° Ѐ€(e)€A€presumption€under€this€chapter€shall€not€override€all€statutory€presumptions€ofÏpaternity€except€a€presumption€arising€under€Section€7540€or€7555.Ì€€€Ô_ÔFamCÔ_Ô€ðð€7577€[rescinding€voluntary€declaration€by€minor€parents]Ì€€€H&SC€ðð€102425:€Shall€not€list€unmarried€man€as€father€on€birth€certificate€unless€signÏdeclaration€of€paternity.Ð ÐÌà  àHow€voluntary€declaration€of€paternity€works.€€(òòCounty€of€Los€Angeles€v.€SheldonÐ °  ÐP.óó€(2002)€102€Cal.App.4th1337,€1343.)Ð °  ÐÌà  àUnder€Family€Code€section€7570,€a€voluntary€declaration€of€paternity€afterÏJanuary€1,€1997€is€sufficient€to€create€a€presumed€father.€€(òòIn€re€Raphael€P.óó€(2002)€97Ð °  ÐCal.App.4th716,€737„738€[because€a€man€cannot€be€placed€on€a€birth€certificate€withoutÏsigning€a€declaration€of€paternity,€may€presume€father€did€so€once€shown€he€was€on€theÏbirth€certificate];€òòIn€re€Liam€L.óó€(2000)€84€Cal.App.4th€739,€746.)Ð ° ÐÌà  àUnder€Family€Code€section€7575,€subdivision€(b)(1)€permits€but€does€not€requireÏblood€test€evidence€to€rebut€declaration€of€paternity€under€Family€Code€section€7573.€Ï(See€òòIn€re€Nicholas€H.óó€(2002)€28€Cal.4th€56,€63„64.)Ð ° ÐÌà  àFederal€statute€prohibits€setting€aside€a€voluntary€declaration€of€paternity€whenÏAFDC€is€involved€unless€there€is€fraud,€duress,€or€material€mistake€of€fact.€€(42€U.S.C.Ïðð66(a)(5)(D)(iii);€òòCounty€of€Los€Angeles€v.€Sheldon€P.óó€(2002)€102€Cal.App.4th1337,Ð ° Ð1347€[evidence€of€duress€when€the€mother€was€told€could€not€leave€the€hospital€withoutÏnaming€a€father].)ÌÌà  àA€California€court€must€recognize€a€declaration€of€paternity€from€another€stateÏunder€the€equal€protection€and€the€full€faith€and€credit€clauses€of€the€federal€Constitution.€Ï(òòIn€re€Mary€G.óó€(2007)€151€Ô#†XwbX‹ŠÃéJd#ÔÔ‡ŠÃé‹XXwbÔCal.App.4thÔ#†XwbX‹ŠÃé·s#ÔÔ‡ŠÃé‹XXwbÔ€184,€Ô_Ô198„203.)Ô_ÔÐ °" ÐÌÔ% ‡ ÔUNIFORMÔ%†htÔ€PARENTAGE€ACT:Ìà  àÔ_ÔFamCÔ_Ô€ðð€7610(a)Ìà  àThe€natural€mother€is€the€one€who€gave€birth€to€the€child.Ìà  àð ð€ððWithin€the€context€of€artificial€reproductive€techniques,ðð€Ô#†XwbX‹ŠÃét#ÔÔ‡ŠÃé‹XXwbÔ...Ô#†XwbX‹ŠÃé˜u#ÔÔ‡ŠÃé‹XXwbÔ€intentions€that€areÐ °'## Ðvoluntarily€chosen,€deliberate,€express,€and€bargained„for€ought€presumptively€toÏdetermine€legal€parenthood.ðð€€(òòJohnson€v.€Ô_ÔCalvertÔ_Ôóó€(1993)€5€Cal.4th€84,€93.)Ô#†XwbX‹ŠÃéßu#ÔÔ‡ŠÃé‹XXwbÔ€€Thus,€theÐ °)%% Ðone€who€was€contracted€to€be€the€mother,€not€the€surrogate€mother,€was€presumptivelyÏthe€ð ðnaturalðð€mother.€€Ô#†XwbX‹ŠÃéw#ÔÔ‡ŠÃé‹XXwbÔ(òòIbid.óó)Ô#†XwbX‹ŠÃéäw#ÔÔ‡ŠÃé‹XXwbÔ€€Best€interests€of€the€child€standard€does€not€apply.€€Ô#†XwbX‹ŠÃé3x#ÔÔ‡ŠÃé‹XXwbÔ(òòId.óó,€atÐ °+'' ÐÔ_Ôpp.€Ô#†XwbX‹ŠÃé­x#ÔÔ‡ŠÃé‹XXwbÔ€93„94,€fn.€10.)Ð ° ÐÌà  àÔ_ÔFamCÔ_Ô€ðð€7611€€ÌA€man€is€ò òpresumedó ó€to€be€the€ò ònaturaló ó€ò òfatheró ó€of€a€child€if€he€meets€the€conditions€[of€ððÐ ° Ð7540€or€7570]€or€in€any€of€the€following€subdivisions:Ì€€€(a)€He€and€the€childððs€natural€mother€are€or€have€been€married€to€each€other€and€theÏchild€is€born€during€the€marriage,€or€within€300€days€after€the€marriage€is€terminated€byÏdeath,€annulment,€declaration€of€invalidity,€or€divorce,€or€after€judgment€of€separation€isÏentered€by€a€court.Ì€€€(b)€Before€the€childððs€birth,€he€and€the€childððs€natural€mother€have€attempted€to€marryÏeach€other€by€a€marriage€solemnized€in€apparent€compliance€with€law;€although€theÏattempted€marriage€is€or€could€be€declared€invalid,€and€either€of€the€following€is€true:Ì€€€(1)€€If€the€attempted€marriage€could€be€declared€invalid€only€by€a€court,€the€child€isÏborn€during€the€attempted€marriage,€or€within€300€days€after€its€termination€by€death,Ïannulment,€declaration€of€invalidity,€or€divorce;€Ì€€(2)€If€the€attempted€marriage€is€invalid€without€a€court€order,€the€child€was€born€withinÏ300€days€after€the€termination€of€cohabitation.€Ì€€(c)€After€the€childððs€birth,€he€and€the€childððs€natural€mother€have€married,€or€attemptedÏto€marry,€each€other€by€a€marriage€solemnized€in€apparent€compliance€with€law,€althoughÏthe€attempted€marriage€is€or€could€be€declared€invalid,€and€either€of€the€following€is€true:Ì€€(1)€With€his€consent,€he€is€named€as€the€childððs€father€on€the€childððs€birth€certificate.Ì€€€(2)€He€is€obliged€to€support€the€child€under€a€written€voluntary€promise€or€by€courtÏorder.Ì€€(d)€He€receives€the€child€into€his€home€and€openly€holds€out€the€child€as€his€naturalÏchild.Ì€€Ô_ÔFamCÔ_Ô€ðð€7611.5€Where€Section€7611€does€not€apply,€a€man€shall€not€be€presumed€to€beÏthe€natural€father€of€a€child€if€either€of€the€following€is€true:Ì€€(a)€The€child€was€conceived€as€a€result€of€an€act€in€violation€of€Section€261€of€the€PenalÏCode€and€the€father€was€convicted€of€that€violation.Ì€€(b)€The€child€was€conceived€as€a€result€of€an€act€in€violation€of€Section€261.5€of€theÏPenal€Code,€the€father€was€convicted€of€that€violation,€and€the€mother€was€under€the€ageÏof€15€years€and€the€father€was€21€years€of€age€or€older€at€the€time€of€conception.Ì€€Ô_ÔFamCÔ_Ô€ðð€7612(a)€€Except€as€provided€in€[ðððð€7540€and€7570],€a€presumption€underÏSection€7611€is€a€Ô_ÔrebuttableÔ_Ô€presumption€affecting€the€burden€of€proof€and€may€beÏrebutted€in€an€appropriate€action€only€by€clear€and€convincing€evidence.Ì€€(b)€If€two€or€more€presumptions€arise€under€Section€7611which€conflict€with€eachÏother,€the€presumption€which€on€the€facts€is€founded€on€the€weightier€considerations€ofÏpolicy€and€logic€controls.Ì€€(c)€The€presumption€under€Section€7611€is€rebutted€by€a€judgment€establishingÏpaternity€of€the€child€by€another€man.Ð ´+'' Їà  àò òPolicyó ó:€€ð ðThe€statutory€purpose€of€section€761€€is€to€distinguish€between€thoseÐ ° Ðfathers€who€have€entered€into€some€familial€relationship€with€the€mother€and€child€andÏthose€how€have€not.ðð€€(òòIn€re€Sabrina€H.óó€(1990)€217€Cal.App.3d€702,€708.)Ð ´ ÐÌà  àFamily€Code€section€7611€creates€a€Ô_ÔrebuttableÔ_Ô€presumption€affecting€the€burdenÏof€proof.€€(òòDawn€D.€v.€Superior€Courtóó€(1998)€17€Cal.4th€932,€937.)€€Can€be€presumedÐ ´  Ðfather€under€section€7611€if€married€the€mother,€attempted€to€marry€the€mother,€signedÏdeclaration€of€paternity,€or€received€the€minor€in€the€home€and€held€him€out€to€be€his.€Ï(òòIn€re€Jerry€P.óó€(2002)€95€Cal.App.4th€793,€802];€òòIn€re€Ô_ÔKianaÔ_Ô€A.óó€(2001)€93€Cal.App.4thÐ ´  Ð1109,€1116€[review€for€substantial€evidence].)ÌÌà  àFamily€Code€section€7611,€Ô#†XwbX‹ŠÃé&y#ÔÔ‡ŠÃé‹XXwbÔsubdivisionÔ#†XwbX‹ŠÃéîˆ#ÔÔ‡ŠÃé‹XXwbÔ€(a)€is€broader€than€section€7540€becauseÐ ´  Ðthe€Ô_ÔUPAÔ_Ô€does€not€require€the€man€to€live€with€the€mother€ð ðas€husband€and€wifeðð€at€theÏtime€of€conception.€€(See€òòSteven€W.€v.€Matthew€S.óó€(1995)€33€Ô‡Šª‹‹ŠÃéÔÔ#†XæQX‹Šª;‰#ÔCal.App.4thÔ#†XwbXXXæQVŠ#ÔÔ‡ŠÃé‹XXwbÔ€1108,€1115.)Ð ´  ÐOne€who€was€married€with€married€with€the€mother€at€conception€is€presumed€to€be€theÏfather€when€the€minor€is€born€withing€300€days€of€the€divorce,€though€they€wereÏseparated€at€the€time.€€(òòLisa€I.€v.€Superior€Court€óó(2005)€133€Cal.App.4th€605,€614.)Ð ´ Ðà  àWife€of€a€man,€who€had€an€affair,€is€not€the€presumed€mother€over€the€biologicalÏmother.€€(òòAmy€G.€v.€Ô_ÔM.W.Ô_Ô€óó(2006)142€Ô#†XwbX‹ŠÃéÆŠ#ÔÔ‡ŠÃé‹XXwbÔCal.App.4thÔ#†XwbX‹ŠÃéåŒ#ÔÔ‡ŠÃé‹XXwbÔ€1,€12„14.)Ð ´ ÐÌà  àFamily€Code€section€7611,€Ô#†XwbX‹ŠÃé2#ÔÔ‡ŠÃé‹XXwbÔsubdivisionÔ#†XwbX‹ŠÃé»#ÔÔ‡ŠÃé‹XXwbÔ€(d)€does€not€apply€when€a€step„parent€co„Ð ´ Ðparents€the€child€but€holds€the€child€out€as€being€only€the€partnerððs€child.€€(òòMiller€v.Ð ´ ÐMilleróó€(1998)€64€Cal.App.4th€111,€118;€òòWest€v.€Superior€Courtóó€(1997)€59€Cal.App.4thÐ ´ Ð302,€306,€disapproved€in€òòÔ_ÔElisaÔ_Ô€B.€v.€Superior€Court€óó(2005)€37€Cal.4th€108,€126;€seeÐ ´ ÐòòÔ_ÔCurialeÔ_Ô€v.€Reaganóó€(1990)222€Cal.App.3d1597,€1600€[lesbian€partner],€disapproved€inÐ ´ ÐòòÔ_ÔElisaÔ_Ô€B.€v.€Superior€Court€óó(2005)€37€Cal.4th€108,€126Ô#†XwbX‹ŠÃéŽ#ÔÔ‡ŠÃé‹XXwbÔ;€òòNancy€S.€v.€Michele€G.óó€(1991)Ð ´ Ð228€Cal.App.3d€831,€836€[lesbian€partner],€disapproved€in€òòÔ_ÔElisaÔ_Ô€B.€v.€Superior€CourtÐ ´ Ðóó(2005)€37€Cal.4th€108,€126Ô#†XwbX‹ŠÃéå#ÔÔ‡ŠÃé‹XXwbÔ;€but€see€Family€Code€section€297.5€(operative€Jan.€1,€2005)Ð ´ Ð[ð ðThe€rights€and€obligations€of€registered€domestic€partners€with€respect€to€a€child€ofÏeither€of€them€shall€be€the€same€as€those€of€spouses.ðð].)Ô#†XwbX‹ŠÃé ’#ÔÔ‡ŠÃé‹XXwbÔ€€A€man€cannot€constructivelyÐ ´! Ðreceive€a€minor€into€his€home;€instead,€he€must€rely€on€a€due€process€claim€under€òòÔ_ÔKelseyÔ_ÔÐ ´" ÐS.óó€€(òòIn€re€Kyle€F.óó€(2003)€112€Cal.App.4th€538,€543.)Ð ´# Ðà  àThe€statute€does€not€apply€when€the€biologicñÇññÆñlañÆññÇññÈñal€parent€sought€to€be€declñÈññÉñared€aÏpresumed€parent€ñÉññÊñwhen€she€continued€toñÊññËññÊñ0€ñÊññËññÌñ€care€for€the€minor€in€her€home€ñÌññËññÊñcñÊññËññÉñafter€the€courtÏterminated€parental€rightsñÉññÍñ.€€(ñÍññÎñòòIn€re€Cody€B.óó€(2007)€153€Ô#†XwbX‹ŠÃé4“#ÔÔ‡ŠÃé‹XXwbÔCal.App.4thÔ#†XwbX‹ŠÃéø•#ÔÔ‡ŠÃé‹XXwbÔ€1004,€1009„1013ñÎññÏññÎñ;€ñÎññÏññÐñ.)ñÐññÎñòòóóÔ#†XwbX‹ŠÃéE–#ÔÔ‡ŠÃé‹XXwbÔñÎñÐ ´&"" ÐÌà  àFather€received€the€child€into€his€home€when€the€minor€stayed€with€him€everyÏother€weekend€for€his€first€year€of€life.€€(òòIn€re€Richard€M.óó€(1975)€14€Cal.3d€783,€790„Ð ´)%% Ð796.)ÌÐ ´+'' Ðà  àBiological€father€who€is€a€sex€registrant€and€allegedly€molested€the€minor€shouldÏnot€be€found€to€be€the€presumed€father.€€(òòIn€re€Ô_ÔT.R.Ô_Ôóó€(2005)132€Cal.App.4th€1202,€1211„Ð ° Ð1212.)ÌÌà  àÔ_ÔUPAÔ_Ô€applies€to€maternity.€€(Ô#†XwbX‹ŠÃéÑ–#ÔšòòÔ‡ŠÃé‹XXwbÔÔ_ÔElisaÔ_Ô€B.€v.€Superior€Court€óó(2005)€37€Cal.4th€108,Ð ° Ð116;€òòÔ#†XwbX‹ŠÃéb™#ÔÔ‡ŠÃé‹XXwbÔid.óó€at€p.Ô#†XwbX‹ŠÃéš#ÔÔ‡ŠÃé‹XXwbÔ€119€[both€parents€can€be€women];€òòÔ_ÔK.M.Ô_Ô€v.€E.G.€óó(2005)€37€Cal.4th€130,€142„Ð °  Ð143€[Ô_ÔK.MÔ_Ôððs€egg€in€E.G.€when€there€was€no€other€parent€and€Ô_ÔK.M.Ô_Ô€wished€to€be€parentÏmade€them€both€parents];€see€òòÔ_ÔKristineÔ_Ô€H.€v.€Lisa€R.óó€(2005)€37€Cal.4th€156,€165„166Ð °  Ð[lesbians€parents€by€estoppel];€accord,€Ô#†XwbX‹ŠÃécš#ÔòòÔ‡ŠÃé‹XXwbÔIn€re€Salvador€M.óó€(2003)€111€Cal.App.4th€1353,Ð °  Ð1357„1359€[sister€who€held€baby€out€as€her€own€became€presumed€mother];€òòIn€re€KarenÐ °  ÐC.óó€(2002)€101€Cal.App.4th€932,938„940€[admittedly€Ô_ÔnonbiologicalÔ_Ô€mother€awardedÐ °  Ðpresumed€maternity€when€received€the€child€in€her€home€and€held€it€out€as€her€own€afterÏarranging€with€biological€mother€who€failed€to€get€an€abortion€to€make€informalÏadoption];€see€Ô#†XwbX‹ŠÃéxœ#ÔÔ‡ŠÃé‹XXwbÔòòRobert€B.€v.€Susan€V.óó€(2003)€109€Cal.App.4th€1109,€1113€[maternityÐ °  Ðshown€from€being€the€genetic€mother€or€by€giving€birth].)òòóóÔ#†XwbX‹ŠÃ驞#ÔÔ‡ŠÃé‹XXwbÔÐ ° ÐÔ#†XwbX‹ŠÃ釟#ÔÔ‡ŠÃé‹XXwbÔÌà  àUnder€Family€Code€section€7612,€subdivision€(a),€rebut€the€presumed€parenthoodÏof€Ô_ÔnonbiologicalÔ_Ô€father€only€ð ðin€an€appropriate€actionðð€by€clear€and€convincing€evidence.€Ï(òòIn€re€Nicholas€H.óó€(2002)€28€Cal.4th€56,€59,€63;€òòÔ_ÔElisaÔ_Ô€B.€v.€Superior€Court€óó(2005)€37Ð ° ÐCal.4th€108,€120,€122,€123€[non„biological€parent€who€agreed€to€accept€minor€in€herÏhome€as€her€own€and€there€is€no€other€parent€besides€the€other€mother,€was€presumedÏmother];€òòÔ_ÔLibrersÔ_Ô€v.€Blackóó€(2005)€129€Cal.App.4th€114,€Ô#†XwbX‹ŠÃéÞŸ#ÔÔ‡ŠÃé‹XXwbÔ122„123€[òòNicholas€Hóó.€and€òòÔ_ÔJesusaÔ_ÔÐ ° ÐVóó.€apply€in€Ô_ÔnondependencyÔ_Ô€cases];€òòCraig€L€v.€Sandy€S.óó€(2004)€125€Cal.App.4th€36,€50„Ð ° Ð51,€52€[husband€does€not€have€precedent€over€biological€father;€determination€dependsÏon€the€strength€of€the€marriage€and€their€connection€with€the€minor];€òòÔ#†XwbX‹ŠÃé—¢#ÔÔ‡ŠÃé‹XXwbÔIn€re€Salvador€M.óóÐ ° Ð(2003)€111€Cal.App.4th€1353,€1357„1359€[sister€who€held€baby€out€as€her€own€becameÏpresumed€mother];€òòIn€re€Karen€C.óó€(2002)€101€Cal.App.4th€932,938„940€[admittedlyÐ ° ÐÔ_ÔnonbiologicalÔ_Ô€mother€awarded€presumed€maternity€when€received€the€child€in€her€homeÏand€held€it€out€as€her€own€after€arranging€with€biological€mother€who€failed€to€get€anÏabortion€to€make€informal€adoption];€see€òòIn€re€A.A.óó€(2003)€114€Cal.App.4th€771,€Ô#†XwbX‹ŠÃég¤#ÔÔ‡ŠÃé‹XXwbÔ784„Ð °! Ð788€[Ô_ÔnonbiologicalÔ_Ô€father€who€provided€for€minor€and€maintained€a€relationship€is€theÏlegal€father€over€the€biological€father€who€did€not];€òòRobert€B.€v.€Susan€V.óó€(2003)€109Ð °# ÐCal.App.4th€1109,€1113€[maternity€shown€from€being€the€genetic€mother€or€by€givingÏbirth];€òòIn€re€Raphael€P.óó€(2002)€97€Cal.App.4th716,€736;€òòIn€re€Jerry€P.óó€(2002)€95Ð °%!! ÐCal.App.4th€793,€797,€804.)Ìà  àð ðWe€were€careful€in€òòNicholas€H.,óó€therefore,€not€to€suggest€that€every€man€whoÐ °'## Ðbegins€living€with€a€woman€when€she€is€pregnant€and€continues€to€do€so€after€the€child€isÏborn€necessarily€becomes€a€presumed€father€of€the€child,€even€against€his€wishes.€€TheÏLegislature€surely€did€not€intend€to€punish€a€man€like€the€one€in€òòNicholas€H.óó€whoÐ °*&& Ðvoluntarily€provides€support€for€a€child€who€was€conceived€before€he€met€the€mother,€byÐ °+'' Ðtransforming€that€act€of€kindness€into€a€legal€obligation.ðð€€(òòElise€B.€v.€Superior€CourtÐ ° Ðóó(2005)€37€Cal.4th€108,€124;€accord€òòCharisma€R.€v.€Ô_ÔKristinaÔ_Ô€S.óó€(2006)€140€Ô#†XwbX‹ŠÃéà¤#ÔÔ‡ŠÃé‹XXwbÔCal.App.4thÔ#†XwbX‹ŠÃéÔ©#ÔÔ‡ŠÃé‹XXwbÔÐ ° Ð301,€304„308€[òòElise€Bóó.€applies€to€same€sex€partner€who€is€not€a€biological€parent].)Ð ° ÐÔ#†XwbX‹ŠÃéO©#ÔÔ‡ŠÃé‹XXwbÔÐ °+'' ÐÔ_Ôà  àUnder€Family€Code€section€7612,€subdivision€(b),€can€rebut€the€presumption€ofÏpaternity€pursuant€to€Family€Code€section€7611€through€a€blood€test€under€Family€CodeÏsection€7551.€€òòóó(òòBrian€C.€v.€Ginger€K.óó€(2000)€77€Cal.App.4th€1198;€òòIn€re€Kiana€A.óó€(2001)Ð ° Ð93€Cal.App.4th€1109,€1115€[applies€when€there€are€two€presumed€fathers€under€ðð€7611];Ïsee€òòIn€re€Nicholas€H.óó€(2002)€28€Cal.4th€56,€63;€òòLibrers€v.€Blackóó€(2005)€129€Cal.App.4thÐ ° Ð114,€Ô#†X×X‹Šë!§#ÔÔ‡Šë‹XX×Ô122„123€[òòNicholas€Hóó€and€òòJesusa€Vóó.€apply€in€nondependency€cases]Ô#†X×X‹Šë|©#ÔÔ‡Šë‹XX×Ô;€but€see€òòIn€reÐ °  ÐJesusa€V.óó€(2004)€32€Cal.4th€588,Ô#†X×X‹Šë ª#ÔÔ‡Šë‹XX×Ô610€[presumed€and€biological€father€can€fail€to€becomeÐ °  Ða€legal€father€when€there€is€a€better€presumed€father€available]òòóóÔ#†X×X‹Šë–ª#ÔÔ‡Šë‹XX×Ô.)€òòóóÔ#†X×X‹Šëi«#ÔÔ‡Šë‹XX×ÔÐ °  ÐÌà  àUnder€Family€Code€section€7612,€subdivision€(c)€the€presumption€is€rebutted€byÏjudgment€of€paternity€by€another€man.€€(See€òòIn€re€Nicholas€H.óó€(2002)€28€Cal.4th€56,€63;Ð °  ÐòòIn€re€A.A.óó€(2003)€114€Cal.App.4th€771,€Ô#†X×X‹Šë´«#ÔÔ‡Šë‹XX×Ô789€[nonbiological€father€a€presumed€fatherÐ °  Ðbecause€provided€for€the€minor€and€maintained€a€relationship;€biological€father€not€theÏpresumed€father€because€did€not,€so€ðð€7612,€subd.€(c)€not€apply];€but€see€òòIn€re€Jesusa€V.óóÐ °  Ð(2004)€32€Cal.4th588,Ô#†X×X‹Šë­#ÔÔ‡Šë‹XX×Ô612€[the€Uniform€Parentage€Act€is€not€affected€by€a€declarationÐ ° Ðof€paternity€under€ðððð€7571€and€7573];€Ô‡ŠòÇ‹‹ŠëÔòòGabriel€P.€v.€Suedi€D.óó€(2006)€141€Ô#†Šë‹‹ŠòÇ ¯#ÔCal.App.4thÔ‡ŠòÇ‹‹ŠëÔÐ ° Ð850,Ô#†Šë‹‹ŠòÇ‚¯#ÔÔ#†X×X‹Šën®#ÔÔ‡Šë‹XX×Ô€864€[the€court€must€weigh€the€best€interests€of€the€minor€in€determining€whether€theÐ ° Ðbiological€father€or€another€man€would€be€the€presumed€father].)ÌÌà  àUnder€Family€Code€section€7613,€a€sperm€donor€is€not€a€natural€father.€€However,Ïrights€of€fatherhood€attach€if€the€sperm€provider€intended€to€be€the€father,€not€a€mereÏdonor.€€(òòRobert€B.€v.€Susan€B.€óó(2003)€109€Cal.App.4th€1109,€1113€[man€whose€spermÐ ° Ðmeant€for€his€wife€was€not€a€ð ðdonorÔ#†X×X‹Šë°#ÔÔ‡Šë‹XX×Ôðð€to€mistaken€recipient];€òòAdoption€of€Matthew€B.óóÐ ° Ð(1991)€232€Cal.App.3d€1239,€1273;€òòJhordan€C.€v.€Mary€K.óó€(1986)€179€Cal.App.3d€386,Ð ° Ð393„394;€but€see€òòSteven€S.€v.€Deborah€D.óó€(2005)€127€Cal.App.4th€319,€326€[thoughÐ ° Ðsperm€donor€held€himself€out€to€be€the€father]òòóóÔ#†X×X‹Šë5²#ÔÔ‡Šë‹XX×Ô.)€€When€one€person€is€a€presumed€parentÐ ° Ðby€artificial€insemination,€so€is€the€spouse€under€section€7613.€€(òòDunkin€v.€Boskeyóó€(2000)Ð ° Ð82€Cal.App.4th€171,€190„197.)ÌÌà  àParent€who€had€parental€rights€terminated€but€continued€to€care€for€the€minor€andÏheld€the€minor€as€his€or€her€own€cannot€become€a€presumed€parent€under€the€UPA.€€(òòInÐ °" Ðre€Jerred€H.óó€(2004)€121€Ô#†X×X‹Šëѳ#ÔÔ‡Šë‹XX×ÔCal.App.4thÔ#†X×X‹Šëɵ#ÔÔ‡Šë‹XX×Ô€793,€796.)Ð °# ÐÌà  àStanding:€€Only€the€child,€the€mother,€and€a€presumed€father€as€a€result€of€aÏputative€marriage€have€standing€to€initiate€an€action€under€Family€Code€section€7611,ÏÔ#†X×X‹Šë¶#ÔÔ‡Šë‹XX×Ôsubdivisions€(a),€(b),€and€(c).€€(Fam.€Code,€ðð€7630,€subd.€(a);€òòLisa€I.€v.€Superior€CourtÐ °'## Ðóó(2005)€133€Cal.App.4th€605,€613;€òòDawn€D.€v.€Superior€Court€óó(1998)€17€Cal.4th€932,Ð °($$ Ð938;€see€òòSaid€v.€Jeganóó€(2007)€146€Ô#†X×X‹Šë)·#ÔÔ‡Šë‹XX×ÔCal.App.4thÔ#†X×X‹Šëv¸#ÔÔ‡Šë‹XX×Ô€1375,€Ô#†X×X‹Šëø#ÔÔ‡Šë‹XX×Ô1382€[alleged€father€had€notÐ °)%% Ðstanding].)€€Any€ð ðinterested€person:€may€bring€an€action€for€paternity€alleged€underÏÔ#†X×X‹Šë ¹#ÔÔ‡Šë‹XX×ÔsubdivisionÔ#†X×X‹Šë׹#ÔÔ‡Šë‹XX×Ô€(d).€€(Fam.€Code,€ðð€7630,€subd.€(b);€òòSaid€v.€Jeganóó€(2007)€146€Ô#†X×X‹Šë$º#ÔÔ‡Šë‹XX×ÔCal.App.4thÔ#†X×X‹Š뮺#ÔÔ‡Šë‹XX×ÔÐ °+'' Ð1375,€Ô#†X×X‹Šëûº#ÔÔ‡Šë‹XX×Ô1382€[including€alleged€father];€òòDawn€D.€v.€Superior€Court€óó(1998)€17€Cal.4th€932,Ð ° Ð938.Ô#†X×X‹ŠëX»#ÔÔ‡Šë‹XX×Ô)€€Ô#†X×X‹Šë ¼#ÔÔ‡Šë‹XX×ÔA€nonbiological€father€claiming€to€be€a€presumed€father€under€ðð€7611,€subd.€(d)Ð ° Ðhad€standing.€€(òòLibrers€v.€Blackóó€(2005)€129€Cal.App.4th€114,€Ô#†X×X‹ŠëO¼#ÔÔ‡Šë‹XX×Ô125„126.)Ð ° ÐÌà  àStanding:€A€wife€of€a€sperm€donor€did€not€have€standing.€€(òòRobert€B.€v.€Susan€B.óóÐ ° Ð(2003)€109€Cal.App.4th1109,1115„11116;€òòPrato„Morrison€v.€Doeóó€(2002)€103Ð °  ÐCal.App.4th€222,€229.)Ìà  àA€surrogate€mother€had€standing.€€(òòJohnson€v.€Calvertóó€(1993)€5€Cal.4th€84,€93.)Ð °  Ðà  àA€boyfriend€of€anotherððs€wife€Ô#†X×X‹Šë;½#ÔÔ‡Šë‹XX×Ôwho€was€the€putative€biological€father€was€anÐ °  Ðinterested€person.€€(òòMiller€v.€Milleróó€(1998)€64€Cal.App.4th€111,€116„117€[a€secondÐ °  Ðhusband€who€took€the€child€in€as€his€own€while€the€wife€was€still€married€to€her€firstÏhusband]Ô#†X×X‹Šë2¿#ÔÔ‡Šë‹XX×Ô;€òòBrian€C.€v.€Ginber€K.óó€(2000)€77€Cal.App.4th€1198;€òòCraig€L.€v.€Sandy€S.óóÐ °  Ð(2004)€125€Cal.App.4th€36.)Ìà  àThe€child€had€standing.€€(òòIn€re€Karen€C.óó€(2002)101€Cal.App.4th€932.)Ð °  ÐÌòòÔ% ‡ ÔKELSEYÔ%†–ÁÔ€S.óó:Ð ° Ѐà  àA€man€who€comes€forward€before€the€baby€was€born€and€makes€an€effort€to€careÐ ° Ðfor€the€child€and€hold€the€child€out€as€his€own,€but€is€prevented€from€doing€so€by€theÏmother€or€others€(CPS)€may€have€a€due€process€claim€of€paternity.€€(òòIn€re€Kelsey€S.óóÐ ° Ð(1992)€1€Cal.4th€816,€847„849;€Ô‡ŠòÇ‹‹ŠëÔòòGabriel€P.€v.€Suedi€D.óó€(2006)€141€Ô#†Šë‹‹ŠòÇ(Ã#ÔCal.App.4thÔ‡ŠòÇ‹‹ŠëÔ€850,Ô#†Šë‹‹ŠòÇÃ#ÔÔ#†X×X‹Šë‚À#ÔÔ‡Šë‹XX×Ô€854„Ð ° Ð855,€858„859€[mother€claimed€baby€was€someone€elseððs,€would€not€let€him€see€the€child,Ïand€resisted€paternity€testing];€òòIn€re€Andrew€L.óó€(2004)€122€Cal.App.4th€178,€192„193Ð ° Ð[man€who€works,€has€two€kids,€and€a€home€ready€to€receive€the€minor,€who€cameÏforward€as€soon€as€learned€he€might€be€the€biological€father,€and€was€unable€to€find€theÏmother€before;€minors€were€with€caretakers€a€short€period];€òòIn€re€Jerry€P.óó€(2002)€95Ð ° ÐCal.App.4th€793,€797,€810„811€[applies€also€to€nonbiological€father],€òòIn€re€Kyle€F.óóÐ ° Ð(2003)€112€Cal.App.4th€538,€544„545€[18€year€old€father€had€right€to€try€to€bring€theÏminor€into€his€home€who€was€born€from€a€16€year€old€girlfriend,€despite€committingÏstatutory€rape];€òòAdoption€of€Alexander€M.óó€(2001)€94€Cal.App.4th430,€440,€441€[when€aÐ °  Ðbiological€father€not€permitted€to€establish€paternity,€can€prevent€adoption€if€show€(1)€heÏis€committed€to€be€a€father,€(2)€he€is€fit,€and€(3)€adoption€not€in€minorððs€best€interest];€seeÏòòIn€re€Baby€Boy€V.óó€(2006)€140€Ô#†X×X‹ŠëÄ#ÔÔ‡Šë‹XX×ÔCal.App.4thÔ#†X×X‹Šë«È#ÔÔ‡Šë‹XX×Ô€1108,€Ô#†X×X‹ŠëøÈ#ÔÔ‡Šë‹XX×Ô1117„1118€[the€court€should€haveÐ °# Ðinquired€further€when€alleged€father€came€forward€after€the€mother€refused€to€reveal€hisÏidentity];€òòIn€re€Kiana€A.óó€(2001)€93€Cal.App.4th€1109,€1117€[need€not€qualify€as€òòKelsey€Sóó.Ð °%!! Ðfather€if€statutorily€qualify];€òòIn€re€Sarah€C.óó€(1992)€8€Cal.App.4th€964,€972„973€[onlyÐ °&"" Ðacknowledging€the€child€as€his€for€a€few€months€was€insufficient]Ô#†X×X‹ŠëAÉ#ÔÔ‡Šë‹XX×Ô;€but€see€òòAdoption€ofÐ °'## ÐArthur€M.€óó(2007)€149€Ô#†X×X‹Šë=Ë#ÔÔ‡Šë‹XX×ÔCal.App.4thÔ#†X×X‹ŠëÄË#ÔÔ‡Šë‹XX×Ô€704,€720€[17€year„old€boyfriend€of€16€year„oldÐ °($$ Ðmother€was€not€a€òòKelsey€S.óó€father€when€he€stayed€away€in€order€to€avoid€rape€charge,Ð °)%% Ðargued€with€the€mother€and€gave€no€support];€òòIn€re€Elijah€V.óó€(2005)€127€Cal.App.4thÐ °*&& Ð576,€Ô#†X×X‹ŠëÌ#ÔÔ‡Šë‹XX×Ô582„584€[not€legal€father€when€sent€diapers€for€a€year€and€$300€and€did€not€Ô_ÔattemptÐ °+'' Ðto€timely€establish€paternity];€òòIn€re€Nicholas€H.óó€(2002)€28€Cal.4th€56,€70€[not€consider€ifÐ ° Ðfather€has€a€constitutional€right€of€his€own€to€establish€paternity];€òòÔ#†X×X‹ŠëyÍ#ÔÔ‡Šë‹XX×ÔIn€re€Julia€U.óó€(1998)Ð ° Ð64€Cal.App.4th€532,€540„542Ô#†X×X‹ŠëòÎ#ÔÔ‡Šë‹XX×Ô.)Ð ° ÐÌà  àPolicy:€€Courts€should€be€cautious€in€finding€a€constitutional€right€to€paternityÏwhen€a€statute€does€not€apply.€€(òòLisa€I.€v.€Superior€Court€óó(2005)€133€Cal.App.4th€605,Ð °  ÐÔ#†X×X‹Šë|Ï#ÔÔ‡Šë‹XX×Ô622€[òòÔ_ÔKelseyÔ_Ô€Sóó.€should€apply€only€when€the€mother€surrenders€the€minor€to€a€third€party].)Ð °  ÐÌà  àParentage€by€estoppel.€€ð ðSignificantly,€a€husbandððs€obligation€to€support€his€ex„¼wifeððs€child,€may€arise€quite€apart€from€the€presumption€set€forth€in€sections€7540€andÏ7541€and€apart€from€whether€he€is€the€biological€father€of€the€children.€€A€line€of€casesÏholds€that€the€conduct€of€a€husband€with€no€biological€ties€to€a€child€may€nonethelessÏstop€the€husband€from€avoiding€parental€responsibilities€even€after€the€husbandððsÏmarriage€to€the€childððs€mother€is€dissolved.ðð€€(òòIn€re€Marriage€of€Freemanóó€(1996)€45Ð °  ÐCal.App.4th€1437,€1447,€citing€òòÔ_ÔClevengerÔ_Ô€v.€Ô_ÔClevengerÔ_Ôóó€(1961)€189€Cal.App.2d€658;Ð ° Ðaccord,€òòÔ_ÔKristineÔ_Ô€H.€v.€Lisa€R.óó€(2005)€37€Cal.4th€156,€165„166€[lesbians€parents€byÐ ° Ðestoppel€when€agreed€to€judgment€of€maternity€which€could€not€be€denied,€uponÏseparation,€for€child€support];€Ô#†X×X‹Šë¥Ð#ÔòòÔ‡Šë‹XX×ÔÔ_ÔSpellensÔ_Ô€v.€Ô_ÔSpellensÔ_Ôóó€(1957)€49€Cal.2d€210,€220„221;Ð ° ÐòòDietrich€v.€Dietrichóó€(1953)€41€Cal.2d€497,€505;€òòWatson€v.€Watsonóó€(1952)€39€Cal.2d€305,Ð ° Ð307;€but€se€òòCounty€of€San€Diego€v.€Ô_ÔArzagaÔ_Ôóóñºñ€(2007)€152€ñºññ»ñÔ#†X×X‹Šë^Õ#ÔÔ‡Šë‹XX×ÔCal.App.4thÔ#†X×X‹Šë ×#ÔÔ‡Šë‹XX×Ôñ»ññ»ññºñ]ca4ñºññ»ññºñ€ñºññ¼ñ1336,€1347„1348Ð ° Ð[nñ¼ññ½ññ¼ño€ñ¼ññ½ññ¾ñot€apply€when€man€said€he€ñ¾ññÄñòòñÄññ¾ñÔ_ÔbelievedÔ_Ôñ¾ññÄñóóñÄññ¾ñ€he€was€the€father€but€stopped€acting€as€the€fatherÐ ° Ðwhen€learned€was€not€the€biolñ¾ññ¿ññ¾ñaoñ¾ññ¿ññÀñogical€father];€ñÀññ½ññ¼ñpatñ¼ññ½ññÁñÌ€ñÁñòòMarriage€of€Ô_ÔPedregonÔ_Ôóó€(2003)€107Ð ° ÐCal.App.4thñÂñ€ñÂññÃñ€ñÃñ1284,€1290€[man€who€held€himself€out€to€be€the€father€for€12€years,€the€onlyÏfather€the€minor€ever€knew,€was€Ô_ÔestoppedÔ_Ô€from€denying€paternity€for€support];€òòMarriageÐ ° Ðof€Hinmanóó€(1992)€6€Cal.App.4th€711,€716;€òòAdoption€of€Matthew€B.óó€(1991)€232Ð ° ÐCal.App.3d€1239.€1268„1269;€òòIn€re€Marriage€of€Valleóó€(1975)€53€Cal.App.3d€837;€òòIn€reÐ ° ÐMarriage€of€Johnsonóó€(1979)€88€Cal.App.3d848;€òòHarlan€v.€Harlanóó€(1945)€70Ð ° ÐCal.App.2d€567,€661„662.)Ìà  àBut€the€courts€will€not€let€the€parties€foreclose€judicial€determination€ofÏparenthood.€€(òòCounty€of€Shasta€v.€Ô_ÔCaruthersÔ_Ôóó€(1995)€31€Cal.App.4th1838,1849Ð °! Ð[motherððs€settlement€with€father€did€not€preclude€paternity€determination€and€supportÏaward];€òòMarriage€of€Ô_ÔBuzzancaÔ_Ôóó€(1998)€61€Cal.App.4th1410,€1426„1428€[wifeððs€promiseÐ °# Ðto€assume€all€responsibilities€for€child€born€of€surrogate€did€not€abrogate€husbandððs€dutyÏof€support].)ÌÌà  àThe€overarching€consideration€in€deciding€if€due€process€precludes€the€applicationÏof€paternity€laws€is€whether€an€existing€father„child€relationship€between€the€father€andÏthe€child€will€be€affected.€€(òòBrian€C.€v.€Ginger€K.óó€(2000)€77€Cal.App.4th€1198,€1200.)€€AÐ °)%% Ðð ðbiological€fatherððs€mere€desire€to€establish€a€personal€relationship€with€the€child€is€not€aÏfundamental€liberty€interest€protected€by€the€due€process€clause.ðð€€(òòDawn€D.€v.€SuperiorÐ °+'' ÐCourt€óó(1998)€17€Cal.4th€932,€942;€see€also€òòMichelle€W.€v.€Ronald€W.óó€(1985)€39€Cal.3dÐ ° Ð354,362„363;€òòMichael€H.€v.€Gerald€D.€óó(1989)€491€U.S.€110,€113„115.)€€There€is€noÐ ° ÐÔ_Ôconstitutional€right€to€paternity€when€he€has€no€relationship€with€the€minor.€€(òòLisa€I.€v.Ð ° ÐSuperior€Court€óó(2005)€133€Cal.App.4th€605,€Ô#†X×X‹Šë^Õ#ÔÔ‡Šë‹XX×Ô614„621.)Ð ° ÐÌà  àIt€does€not€violate€due€process€or€equal€protection€that€the€mother€of€a€man€whoÏhad€an€affair€is€not€the€legal€mother€over€the€biological€mother.€€(òòAmy€G.€v.€Ô_ÔM.W.Ô_ÔÐ °'## Ðóó(2006)142€Ô#†XW@X‹ŠƒìŸÜ#ÔÔ‡Šƒì‹XXW@ÔCal.App.4thÔ#†XW@X‹ŠƒìõÝ#ÔÔ‡Šƒì‹XXW@Ô€1,€Ô#†XW@X‹ŠƒìBÞ#ÔÔ‡Šƒì‹XXW@Ô16„18.)Ð °($$ ÐÌà  àWaiver:€€òòÔ_ÔKelseyÔ_Ô€Sóó.€claim€waived€when€it€was€not€presented€in€the€trial€court.€€(òòInÐ °*&& Ðre€Elijah€V.óó€(2005)€127€Cal.App.4th€576,€582.)Ð °+'' ЇÔ% ‡ ÔALLEGEDÔ%†§ßÔ€FATHER:Ìà  àð ðWhile€a€biological€father€is€not€entitled€to€custody€under€section€361.2,€orÏreunification€services€under€section€361.5€if€he€does€not€attain€presumed€father€statusÏprior€to€termination€of€any€reunification€period,€he€may€move€under€section€388€for€aÏhearing€to€reconsider€the€juvenile€courtððs€earlier€rulings€based€on€new€evidence€orÏchanged€circumstances.ðð€€(òòIn€re€Ô_ÔZachariaÔ_Ô€D.óó€(1993)€6€Cal.4th€435,€454,€fn.€omitted.)òòóóÔ#†XW@X‹ŠƒìˆÞ#ÔÔ‡Šƒì‹XXW@ÔÐ °  ÐÌà  àAn€alleged€father€is€only€entitled€to€notice€and€an€opportunity€to€establishÏpaternity€in€a€dependency€proceeding.€€(òòIn€re€Christopher€M.€óó(2003)€113€Cal.App.4thÐ °  Ð155,€160.)€€CPS€must€give€notice€to€any€alleged€father€of€a€dependency€proceeding.€€(SeeÏalso€òòIn€re€Joseph€G.óó€(2000€)€83€Cal.App.4th€712,€715.)€€The€alleged€father€must€only€ð ðbeÐ °  Ðgiven€notice€and€ððan€opportunity€to€appear€and€assert€a€position€and€attempt€to€change€hisÏpaternity€status.ðð€€[Citation.]ðð€€(òòIn€re€Paul€H.óó€(2003)€111€Ô‡Š2ø‹‹ŠƒìÔÔ#†X†6X‹Š2øÝá#ÔÔ‡Š2ø‹XX†6ÔCal.App.4thÔ#†Šƒì‹‹Š2øNä#ÔÔ#†XW@X‹Šƒìä#ÔÔ‡Šƒì‹XXW@Ô€753,€760.)Ô#†XW@X‹Šƒìå#ÔÔ‡Šƒì‹XXW@Ô€€ð ðEachÐ °  Ðalleged€father€is€entitled€to€notice€so€that€he€can€challenge€his€paternity€status.ðð€€(òòIn€reÐ °  ÐEric€E.óó€(2006)€137€Cal.App.4th€252,€257.)€Ô#†XW@X‹ŠƒìMå#ÔÔ‡Šƒì‹XXW@ÔÐ ° Ðà  àDue€process€clause€requires€the€state€must€give€notice€to€any€alleged€or€potentialÏbiological€father€before€terminating€parental€rights.€€(òòStanley€v.€Illinoisóó€(1972)€405€U.S.Ð ° Ð645,657;€òòIn€re€Paul€H.óó€(2003)€111€Cal.App.4th€753,€760.)Ð ° Ðà  àð ðThe€significance€of€the€biological€connection€is€that€it€offers€the€natural€father€anÏopportunity€that€no€other€male€possesses€to€develop€a€relationship€with€offspring.€€If€heÏgrasps€that€opportunity€and€accepts€some€measure€of€responsibility€for€the€childððs€future,Ïhe€may€enjoy€the€blessing€of€the€parent„child€relationship€and€make€uniquely€valuableòòóóÐ ° Ðcontributions€to€the€childððs€development.€€If€he€fails€to€do€so,€the€Federal€ConstitutionÏwill€not€automatically€compel€a€State€to€listen€to€his€opinion€of€where€the€childððs€bestÏinterests€lie.ðð€€(òòÔ_ÔLehrÔ_Ô€v.€Robertsonóó€(1983)€463€U.S.€248,€262,€fn.€omitted.)€€ParentalÐ ° Ðobligations€and€rights€ð ðdo€not€spring€full„blown€from€the€biological€connection€betweenÏparent€and€child.€€They€require€relationships€more€enduring.ðð€€Ô#†XW@X‹ŠƒìRæ#ÔÔ‡Šƒì‹XXW@Ô(òòId.óó€at€p.Ô#†XW@X‹ŠƒìIë#ÔÔ‡Šƒì‹XXW@Ô€260;€òòCuban€v.Ð ° ÐMohammedóó€(1979)€441€U.S.€380,€397.)€€A€natural€but€not€presumed€father€can€blockÐ ° Ðadoption€only€if€it€is€in€the€minorððs€best€interests.€€(See€òòAdoption€of€Ô_ÔKelseyÔ_Ô€S.óó€(1992)€1Ð °  ÐCal.4th€816,824„825.)ÌÔ#†XW@X‹Šƒì›ë#ÔÔ‡Šƒì‹XXW@ÔÌà  àAn€alleged€father€is€not€a€party€to€a€dependency€proceeding€and€is€not€entitled€toÏreunifications€services.€€(òòIn€re€Ô_ÔZachariaÔ_Ô€D.óó€(1993)€6€Cal.4th€435,€454;€òòÔ#†XW@X‹Šƒìí#ÔÔ‡Šƒì‹XXW@ÔIn€re€Joseph€G.óóÐ °$  Ð(2000)€€83€Cal.App.4th€712,€715;€òòIn€re€Jasmine€C.óó€(1999)€70€Cal.App.4th€71,€75;€òòIn€reÐ °%!! ÐChristopher€H.óó€(1996)€50€Cal.App.4th€1001,€1006.)€€ð ðThe€primary€purpose€of€achievingÐ °&"" Ðpresumed€father€status€in€the€dependency€context€is€for€the€presumed€father€to€have€theÏright€to€reunification€services€and€to€custody.ðð€€(òòIn€re€Eric€E.óó€(2006)€137€Cal.App.4thÐ °($$ Ð252,€Ô#†XW@X‹Šƒì-î#ÔÔ‡Šƒì‹XXW@Ô258.)Ô#†XW@X‹ŠƒìJð#ÔÔ‡Šƒì‹XXW@Ô€€ð ðA€request€for€presumed€father€status€after€the€expiration€of€the€reunificationÐ °)%% Ðperiod€is€made€by€filing€a€section€388€petition.ðð€€(òòIn€re€Eric€E.óó€(2006)€137€Cal.App.4thÐ °*&& Ð252,€Ô#†XW@X‹Šƒì‘ð#ÔÔ‡Šƒì‹XXW@Ô258;€òòÔ#†XW@X‹Šƒì·ñ#ÔÔ‡Šƒì‹XXW@Ôid.óó€at€pp.Ô#†XW@X‹Šƒìò#ÔÔ‡Šƒì‹XXW@Ô€260„262€[thus,€must€show€it€is€in€the€minorððs€best€interests].)€€€€€€€€€Ð °+'' ÐÔ_Ô‡Ô#†XW@X‹Šƒì@ï#ÔÔ‡Šƒì‹XXW@Ôà  àAn€alleged€father€cannot€come€forward€the€last€minute€and€try€to€become€aÐ ° Ðpresumed€father€to€try€to€stop€an€adoption.€€A€biological€father€must€make€a€diligentÏeffort€to€assume€a€parental€role€as€soon€as€he€learns€he€might€be€the€childððs€father.€Ï(òòAdoption€of€Michael€H.óó€(1995)€10€Cal.4th€1043€1050;€òòIn€re€Zacharia€D.óó€(1993)€6Ð ° ÐCal.4th€435,€450;€òòIn€re€Kelsey€S.óó€(1992)€1€Cal.4th€816,€849;€òòAdoption€of€Alexander€M.óóÐ ° Ð(2001)€94€Cal.App.4th€430,438€[a€biological€father€can€come€forward€to€establishÏpaternity€under€Fam.€Code,€ðððð€7630,€7631,€but€the€petition€by€the€mother€or€potentialÏadopters€for€adoption€will€be€granted€unless€not€in€the€minorððs€best€interests];€òòIn€re€EmilyÐ °  ÐR.óó€(2000)€80€Cal.App.4th€1344,€1356;€òòIn€re€Karla€C.óó€(2003)€113€Cal.App.4th€166,€Ô#†XW@X‹Šƒìäï#ÔÔ‡Šƒì‹XXW@Ô179„Ð °  Ð180€[not€an€abuse€of€discretion€to€deny€a€continuance€for€alleged€father€to€establishÏpaternity].)ò òó óÐ °  Ðà  àAn€alleged€father€who€came€forward€during€the€dependency€as€soon€as€he€learnedÏhe€might€be€the€biological€father€was€entitled€to€established€presumptive€fatherhood€andÏparticipate€the€dependency€proceedings.€€(òòIn€re€Julia€U.óó€(1998)€64€Cal.App.4th€532,€542,Ð °  Ð544;€cf.€òòIn€re€Tanis€H.óó€(1997)€59€Cal.App.4th€1218,€1228„1231.)Ð ° ÐÔ#†XW@X‹Šƒì¤ó#ÔÔ‡Šƒì‹XXW@ÔÌà  àThe€state€cannot€terminate€parental€rights€without€showing€the€presumed€father€isÏunfit.€€(òòStanley€v.€Illinoisóó€(1972)€405€U.S.€645,657;òòóó€òòIn€re€Kelsey€S.óó€(1992)€1€Cal.4th€816,Ð ° Ð830„834,€849.)ÌÌÔ#†XW@X‹Šƒìýõ#ÔÔ‡Šƒì‹XXW@Ôà  àAppealability:€€Alleged€father€who€never€came€forward€does€not€have€standing€toÐ ° Ðappeal€dependency€order.€€(òòIn€re€Joseph€Góó.€(2000)€83€Cal.App.4th€712,€715;€òòIn€reÐ ° ÐMargarita€D.óó€(1999)€72€Cal.App.4th€1288,€1298;€òòIn€re€Jasmine€C.óó€(1999)€70Ð ° ÐCal.App.4th€71,€75;€òòIn€re€Christopher€H.óó€(1996)€50€Cal.App.4th€1001,€1006.)Ð ° ÐÌà  àAppealability:€€Alleged€father€who€did€come€forward€has€standing€to€appealÏdependency€order.€€(òòIn€re€Emily€R.óó€(2000)€80€Cal.App.4th€1344,€1356;€òòCity€and€CountyÐ ° Ðof€San€Francisco€v.€Stanleyóó€(1994)€24€Cal.App.4th€1724,€1727€[involuntary€finding€ofÐ ° Ðpaternity€appealable€as€a€final€order€under€Code€Civil€Procedure€section€904.1,Ïsubdivision€(a)(1)€and€Family€Code€section€17404,€subdivision€(a)].)ÌÌà  àStandard€of€review:€Substantial€evidence.€€(òòRodney€F.€v.€Karen€M.óó€(1998)61Ð °# ÐCal.App.4th233,€241.)ÌÌÔ#†XW@X‹Šƒì1÷#Ô