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Ð28€Cal.3d€908,€916;€òòIn€re€Baby€Girl€M.óó€(2006)€135€Cal.App.4th€1528,€1535,€Ô#†XW@X‹Šã Ú#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@ÔinternalÐ °" Ðquotation€marks€omittedÔ#†XW@X‹Šã ¡#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô.)Ð °# ÐÌÔ#†XW@X‹Šã #ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ôà  àð ðThe€Legislature€has€thus€determined€that,€where€possible,€adoption€is€the€firstÐ °%!! Ðchoice.€€ððAdoption€is€the€Legislatureððs€first€choice€because€it€gives€the€child€the€bestÏchance€at€[a€full]€emotional€commitment€from€a€responsible€caretaker.ðð€€(òòIn€re€JasmineÐ °'## ÐD.óó€(2000)€78€Cal.App.4th€1339,1348.)€€ððGuardianship,€which€is€a€more€stable€placementÐ °($$ Ðthan€foster€care,€is€not€irrevocable€and€thus€falls€short€of€the€secure€and€permanent€futureÏthe€Legislature€had€in€mind€for€the€dependent€child.ðð€€(òòIn€re€Lorenzo€C.óó€(1997)€54Ð °*&& ÐCal.App.4th€1330,€1344.)ðð€€(òòIn€re€Ô_ÔCelineÔ_Ô€R.óó€(2003)31€Cal.4th€45,€53.)€€ð ðThe€statutoryÐ °+'' Ðexceptions€merely€permit€the€court,€in€exceptional€circumstances€[citation],€to€chooses€anÏoption€other€than€the€norm,€which€remains€adoption.ðð€€Ô#†XW@X‹Šã S#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô(òòIbid.óó)Ô#†XW@X‹Šã B#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@ԀР° Ðà ½ àð ð€ððAt€the€selection€and€implementation€hearing€held€pursuant€to€section€366.26,€aÏjuvenile€court€must€make€one€of€four€possible€alternative€permanent€plans€for€a€minorÏchild....€Ý‚ÿÿÿÝòòÝ  ÝThe€permanent€plan€preferred€by€the€Legislature€is€adoptionÝ‚ÿÿÿŠer.€ÝóóÝ  Ý.€[Citation.]ðð€(Ý‚ÿÿÿÝòòÝ  ÝIn€reÐ ° ÐBeatrice€MÝ‚ÿÿÿer.€ÝóóÝ  Ý.€(1994)€29€Cal.App.4th€1411,€1416,€italics€added,€citing€ðð€366.26,€subd.Ð ° Ð(b)(1)„(4).)€€If€the€court€finds€the€child€is€adoptable,€it€Ý‚ÿÿÿÝòòÝ  ÝmustÝ‚ÿÿÿ!er.€ÝóóÝ  Ý€terminate€parental€rightsÐ °  Ðabsent€circumstances€under€which€it€would€be€detrimental€to€the€child.€(29€Cal.€Cal.€App.Ï4th€at€p.€1416.)€A€guardianship€ððis€ð ðnot€irrevocable€and€thus€falls€short€of€the€secure€andÏpermanent€placement€intended€by€the€Legislature.ðð€[Citation.]ðð€€(òòIn€re€Ô_ÔTanekaÔ_Ô€W.óó€(1995)Ð °  Ð37€Cal.App.4th€721,€728.)ðð€€(òòIn€re€Ô_ÔRonnellÔ_Ô€A.óó€(1996)€44€Cal.App.4th€1352,€1368.)€Ð °  ÐFederal€law€discourages€long„term€foster€care.€€(òòIn€re€Gabriel€G.óó€(2005)€134€Cal.App.4thÐ °  Ð1428,Ô#†XW@X‹Šã ‘#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô€1437,€citing€42€Ô#†XW@X‹Šã #ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@ÔU.S.C.€ðð€Ô#†XW@X‹Šã i#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô€675(5)(C).)Ð °  ÐÔ#†XW@X‹Šã ·#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ôà ½ àPrefer€termination€of€parental€rights;€if€adoptable€by€clear€and€convincingÐ °  Ðevidence,€must€terminate€parental€rights€unless€parent€shows€detriment.€€(òòIn€re€Autumn€H.óóÐ °  Ð(1994)€27€Cal.App.4th€567,€573„574;€òòIn€re€Derek€W.óó€(1999)€73€Cal.App.4th€823,826;€òòInÐ ° Ðre€Tabatha€G.óó€(1996)€45€Cal.App.4th€1159,€1164;€òòIn€re€Jose€V.óó€(1998)€50€Cal.App.4thÐ ° Ð1792,€1798„1799;€òòIn€re€Heather€B.óó€(1992)€9€Cal.App.4th€535,€546;òòóó€but€see€òòIn€re€Elise€K.óóÐ ° Ð(1982)€33€Cal.3d€138,148„150€[wish€not€have€a€legal€orphan].)ÌÌà ½ àThe€juvenile€court€must€find€evidence€of€Ô_ÔadoptabilityÔ_Ô€by€clear€and€convincing.€€(òòInÐ ° Ðre€Brian€P.óó€(2002)€99€Cal.App.4th616,624;€òòIn€re€Autumn€H.óó€(1994)€27€Cal.App.4th€567,Ð ° Ð573„574;€òòIn€re€Ô_ÔJennilleeÔ_Ô€T.óó€(1992)€3€Cal.App.4th€212,€224„225.)€€ð ðBefore€a€State€mayÐ ° Ðsever€completely€and€irrevocably€the€rights€of€parents€in€their€natural€child,€due€processÏrequires€that€the€State€support€its€allegations€by€at€least€clear€and€convincing€evidence.ðð€Ï(òòÔ_ÔSantoskyÔ_Ô€v.€Krameróó€(1982)455€U.S.€745,€747„748.)Ð ° ÐÌà ½ àThe€court€shall€terminate€parental€rights€only€if€it€is€likely€the€minor€will€beÏadopted€within€a€reasonable€time.€€(Ô_ÔWelfÔ_Ô.€&€Inst.€Code,€ðð€366.26,€subd.€(c)(1);€òòIn€re€BrianÐ ° ÐP.óó€(2002)€99€Cal.App.4th616,624;€òòIn€re€Jeremy€S.€óó(2001)89€Cal.App.4th514,€523,Ð °  Ðdisapproved€on€other€grounds€in€Ô‡ŠrÔ‹‹Šã ÔòòÔ_ÔInÔ_Ô€re€Ô_ÔZethÔ_Ô€S.€óó(2003)€31€Cal.4th€396,€Ô#†Šã ‹‹ŠrÔ$#Ô413„414;€òòIn€reÐ °! ÐÔ_ÔJennilleeÔ_Ô€T.óó€(1992)€3€Cal.App.4th€212,€224€[within€the€foreseeable€future];òò€In€re€Ô_ÔLukasÔ_Ô€B.óóÐ °" Ð(2000)79€Cal.App.4th1145,1154.)Ìà ½ àConsider€the€minorððs€age,€physical€condition,€emotional€state.€€(òòIn€re€Erik€P.Ð °$  Ðóó(2002)€104€Cal.App.4th€395,€400€[minor€adoptable€because€he€is€an€ð ðattractive€boy€...Ð °%!! Ðwho€had€no€major€physical€or€mental€problemsðð€and€caretaker€aware€of€his€problems€andÏcommitted€to€him.];€see€òòIn€re€Ô_ÔY.R.Ô_Ôóó€(2007)€152€Ô#†XW@X‹Šã #ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@ÔCal.App.4thÔ#†XW@X‹Šã i'#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô€99,€Ô#†XW@X‹Šã ¶'#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô113„114€[minor€adoptableÐ °'## Ðdespite€behavioral€problems];€òòIn€re€Helen€W.óó€(2007)€150€Ô#†XW@X‹Šã ý'#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@ÔCal.App.4thÔ#†XW@X‹Šã ª(#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô€71,€74„76,€79„80Ð °($$ Ð[ð ðcuteðð€minor€with€severe€developmental€delays€with€parents€who€wish€to€adopt€wasÏgenerally€adoptable];€òòIn€re€Gabriel€G.óó€(2005)€134€Cal.App.4th€1428,Ô#†XW@X‹Šã ÷(#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô€1438€[minors€whoÐ °*&& Ðhad€temper€tantrums€and€failed€placement€were€likely€to€be€adopted€because€they€were€3Ð °+'' Ðand€5€years€old€and€healthy];€òòIn€re€Gregory€A.óó€(2005)€126€Cal.App.4th€1554,Ô#†XW@X‹Šã *#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô€1563€[minorÐ ° Ðadoptable€though€had€Ô_ÔADHDÔ_Ô€and€in€counseling€when€relative€caretaker€wish€to€adopt];€ÏÔ‡ŠrÔ‹‹Šã ÔòòIn€re€J.€I.€óó(2003)€108€Cal.App.4th903,€Ô#†Šã ‹‹ŠrÔÙ+#ÔÔ#†XW@X‹Šã $+#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô911€[minor€adoptable€because€healthy,€sense€ofÐ ° Ðhumor,€bright,€excited€to€start€kindergarten,€though€having€nightmares€and€potentialÏparents€working€with€new€counselor€though€wish€to€adopt];€òòIn€re€Brian€P.óó€(2002)€99Ð ° ÐCal.App.4th616,624;€òòIn€re€Ô_ÔJennilleeÔ_Ô€T.óó€(1992)€3€Cal.App.4th€212,€224„225;€òòIn€re€AmeliaÐ °  ÐS.óó€(1991)€229€Cal.App.3d€1060,1065;€see€also€òòIn€re€Sarah€M.óó€(1994)€22Ð °  ÐCal.App.4th1642,1649,€1651.)òòóó€€ð ðA€childððs€young€age,€good€physical€and€emotionalÐ °  Ðhealth,€intellectual€growth€and€ability€to€develop€interpersonal€relationships€are€allÏattributes€indicating€Ô_ÔadoptabilityÔ_Ô.ðð€€(òòIn€re€Gregory€A.óó€(2005)€126€Cal.App.4th€1554,Ð °  Ð1562.)Ìà ½ àThe€social€worker€report€must€contain€relevant€information,€including€contactsÏbetween€the€child€and€the€parents€during€the€dependency;€(3)€an€evaluation€of€the€childððsÏmedical,€developmental,€scholastic,€and€emotional€status;€(4)€a€preliminary€assessment€ofÏthe€eligibility€of€any€prospective€adoptive€parent€or€guardian,€particularly€the€caretaker;Ï(5)€a€description€of€the€childððs€relationship€with€such€person;€and€(6)€an€analysis€of€theÏlikelihood€that€the€child€will€be€adopted.€€(Ô_ÔWelfÔ_Ô.€&€Inst.€Code,€ðððð€366.21,€subd.€(i)(3),Ï366.22,€subd.€(b)(3);€òòIn€re€David€H.óó€(1995)€33€Cal.App.4th€368,€379.)Ð ° ÐÌà ½ àð ðThe€issue€of€Ô_ÔadoptabilityÔ_Ô€requires€the€court€to€focus€on€the€child,€and€whether€theÏchildððs€age,€physical€condition,€and€emotional€state€make€it€difficult€to€find€a€personÏwilling€to€adopt.€[Citations.]€It€is€not€necessary€that€the€child€already€be€placed€in€a€pre„¼adoptive€home,€or€that€a€proposed€adoptive€parent€be€waiting.€[Citation.]€However,€thereÏmust€be€clear€and€convincing€evidence€of€the€likelihood€that€adoption€will€take€placeÏwithin€a€reasonable€time.€[Citation.]ðð€(òòIn€re€Brian€P.óó€(2002)€99€Cal.App.4th616,624.)Ð ° ÐÌà ½ àSuitability€of€the€foster€parent€is€irrelevant€if€the€minor€is€generally€adoptable.€€(òòInÐ ° Ðre€Carl€R.óó€(2005)€128€Cal.App.4th€1051,€1061„1062;€òòIn€re€T.S.€óó(2004)€113€Cal.App.4thÐ ° Ð1323,€1326,€1328„1329;€òòIn€re€Scott€M.óó€(1993)€13€Cal.App.4th€839,€843„844;€see€also€Ô#†XW@X‹Šã l,#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@ÔòòInÐ °  Ðre€Jose€G.óó€(2003)106€Ô‡ŠrÔ‹‹Šã ÔCal.App.4thÔ#†Šã ‹‹ŠrÔ·6#Ô€725,€732€[minor€adoptable€though€lived€the€entire€twoÐ °! Ðand€half€years€with€the€same€couple€who€would€probably€die€before€the€minor€became€aÏteen];€òòIn€re€Amelia€S.€óó(1991)€229€Cal.App.3d€1060,€1065;€òòIn€re€Tracy€X.óó€(1993)€18Ð °# ÐCal.App.4th€1460;€òòIn€re€Sarah€M.óó€(1994)€22€Cal.App.4th€1642,€1649„1650;€òòIn€re€JeromeÐ °$  ÐD.óó€(2000)€84€Cal.App.4th€1200,€1205€[that€foster€parent€wishes€to€adopt€is€not€enoughÐ °%!! Ðwithout€an€assessment€of€fitness].)€€The€court€can€rely€on€other€evidence€òòóóif€the€socialÐ °&"" Ðworker€report€fails€to€report€on€the€suitability€of€the€foster€parents.€€(òòIn€re€Dakota€S.óóÐ °'## Ð(2000)85€Ô‡ŠrÔ‹‹Šã ÔCal.App.4thÔ#†Šã ‹‹ŠrÔå9#Ô€494,€504„505;€òòIn€re€Crystal€J.óó€(1993)€12€Ô‡ŠrÔ‹‹Šã ÔCal.App.4thÔ#†Šã ‹‹ŠrÔb:#Ô€407,€413.)Ð °($$ Ðà ½ àIf€the€minor€is€specifically€adoptable€in€that€an€otherwise€unadoptable€child€wouldÏbe€adopted€by€the€caretakers,€their€suitability€becomes€an€issue.€€(òòIn€re€Carl€R.óó€(2005)€128Ð °*&& ÐCal.App.4th€1051,€Ô#†XW@X‹Šã e6#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô1062,€1064.)€€But€the€caretakerððs€decision€on€how€to€raise€the€Ô_'Ôchild€isÐ °+'' Ðirrelevant.€€(òòIn€re€Carl€R.óó€(2005)€128€Cal.App.4th€1051,€Ô#†XW@X‹Šã Û;#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô1063,€1065„1067€[whether€toÐ ° Ðhome€school].)ÌÌà ½ àð ðUsually€the€fact€that€a€prospective€adoptive€parent€has€expressed€interest€inÏadopting€the€minor€is€evidence€that€the€minor's€age,€physical€condition,€mental€state,€andÏother€matters€relating€to€the€child€are€not€likely€to€dissuade€individuals€from€adopting€theÏminor.€In€other€words,€a€prospective€adoptive€parent's€Ô_''ÔñGñÔ% ‡m ÔÔ%†m<<ÔñGñwillingnessÔ_''Ô€to€adopt€generallyÏindicates€the€minor€is€likely€to€be€adopted€within€a€reasonable€time€either€by€theÏprospective€adoptive€parent€or€by€some€other€family.€€(òòIn€re€Scott€M.óó€(1993)€13Ð °  ÐCal.App.4th€839,€844.)ðð€€(òòIn€re€Sarah€M.óó€(1994)€22€Cal.App.4th€1642,1649„1650,€italicsÐ °  Ðomitted;€òòIn€re€Jeremy€S.€óó(2001)89€Cal.App.4th514,€525,€disapproved€on€other€groundsÐ °  Ðin€Ô‡ŠrÔ‹‹Šã ÔòòÔ_''ÔInÔ_''Ô€re€Ô_''ÔZethÔ_''Ô€S.€óó(2003)€31€Cal.4th€396,€Ô#†Šã ‹‹ŠrÔƒ@#Ô413„414;€accord,€Ô‡ŠrÔ‹‹Šã ÔòòIn€re€Marina€S.óó€(2005)€132Ð °  ÐCal.App.4th€158,€165Ô#†Šã ‹‹ŠrÔAA#ÔÔ#†XW@X‹Šã Ë<#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô€[caretaker€grandparentsðð€willingness€to€adopt€supplies€substantialÐ °  Ðevidence€the€minor€is€adoptable];€òòIn€re€T.S.óó€(2003)€113€Cal.App.4th€1323,€1329€[58€andÐ °  Ð61€year€old€grandparents€are€suitable€adoptive€caretakers];€òòIn€re€Ô_''ÔLukasÔ_''Ô€B.óó€(2000)79Ð ° ÐCal.App.4th1145,1154;€òòIn€re€Ô_''ÔJennilleeÔ_''Ô€T.óó€(1992)€3€Cal.App.4th€212,€223„224;€cf.€òòIn€reÐ ° ÐRachel€M.óó€(2003)€113€Cal.App.4th€1289,€1298€[no€error€coram€Ô_''ÔvobisÔ_''Ô€to€reverseÐ ° Ðtermination€of€parental€rights€when€it€was€later€learned€that€social€worker€pressured€theÏgrandparents€into€saying€they€would€adopt;€this€did€not€amount€to€extrinsic€fraud].)ÌÌà ½ àThat€foster€parents€were€merely€considering€adoption€alone€is€not€substantialÏevidence€of€Ô_''ÔadoptabilityÔ_''Ô.€€(òòIn€re€Ô_''ÔRamoneÔ_''Ô€R.óó€(2005)€132€Cal.App.4th€1339,€Ô#†XW@X‹Šã ïA#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô1351„1352Ð ° Ð[two€placements€failed,€social€worker€only€hoped€to€find€a€home,€that€family€membersÏwere€volunteering€last€minute€was€not€surprising€or€significant];€òòIn€re€Amelia€S.€óó(1991)Ð ° Ð229€Cal.App.3d€1060,€1065;€òòIn€re€Asia€L.óó€(2003)€107€Cal.App.4th€498,€512€[in€specialÐ ° Ðplacement€for€emotional€problems€and€caretakers€give€only€vague€interest€in€adoption];€òòInÐ ° Ðre€Jerome€D.óó€(2000)€84€Cal.App.4th€1200,€1205€[that€foster€parent€wishes€to€adopt€is€notÐ ° Ðenough€without€an€assessment€of€fitness].)Ô#†XW@X‹Šã >F#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@ÔÐ ° Ðà ½ àð ðWe€must€next€deal€with€a€relatively€disturbing€point€made€by€county€counsel€atÏoral€argument,€namely€that€if€the€failure€of€an€adoptive€placement€post„appeal€were€to€beÏgrounds€for€reversal€of€a€termination€of€parental€rights,€there€would€be€more€reversal€thanÏthere€are€now€because€plenty€of€adoptive€placements€do€not€work.ðð€€(òòÔ‡ŠrÔ‹‹Šã ÔIn€re€Ô_''ÔJaysonÔ_''Ô€T.óóÐ °# Ð(2002)97€Cal.App.4th75,Ô#†Šã ‹‹ŠrÔsJ#Ô89,€disapproved€on€other€grounds€in€Ô‡ŠrÔ‹‹Šã ÔòòÔ_''ÔInÔ_''Ô€re€Ô_''ÔZethÔ_''Ô€S.€óó(2003)€31Ð °$  ÐCal.4th€396,€Ô#†Šã ‹‹ŠrÔ:K#Ô413„414.)€Ô#†XW@X‹Šã àH#ÔšÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô€ð ðNowhere€has€the€Legislature€said€that€the€Court€of€Appeal€(orÐ °%!! Ðthe€Supreme€Court€for€that€matter)€are€potted€plants€whose€job€it€is€to€rubber„stamp€everyÏorder€terminating€parental€rights€in€some€kind€of€Ô_''ÔpantomineÔ_''Ô€of€due€process.ðð€(òòIbid.óó;€seeÐ °'## Ðalso€òòJackson€v.€Ô_''ÔFitzgibbonsÔ_''Ôóó€(2005)€127€Cal.App.4th€329,€332€[terminated€parental€rightsÔ#†XW@X‹Šã )L#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@ÔÐ °($$ Ðon€Oct.€18,€1999€but€not€adopted€until€July€11,€2001].)€€ð ðLegal€orphanage€is€aÏconsequence€the€law€abhors.ðð€€(òòIn€re€Carl€R.óó€(2005)€128€Cal.App.4th€1051,€Ô#†XW@X‹Šã 0N#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô1062;€accordÐ °*&& ÐòòIn€re€Elise€K.óó€(1982)€33€Cal.3d€138,148„150.)€Ô#†XW@X‹Šã ,O#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@ÔÐ °+'' ЇÔ#†XW@X‹Šã ÄO#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ôà ½ àExample€of€minor€never€adopted,€though€there€were€prospective€adoptive€parentsÐ ° Ðwaiting€in€the€wings,€when€the€minor€was€not€otherwise€adoptable.€€(òòIn€re€Cody€B.óó€(2007)Ð ° Ð153€Ô#†XW@X‹Šã P#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@ÔCal.App.4thÔ#†XW@X‹Šã DQ#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô€1004,€1009„1013;€òòIn€re€Jarred€H.óó€(2004)€121€Cal.App.4th€793,€795„796,Ð ° Ð799;€òòÔ‡ŠrÔ‹‹Šã ÔIn€re€J.€I.€óó(2003)€108€Cal.App.4th903,€Ô#†Šã ‹‹ŠrÔR#Ô909,€911€[minors€were€generally€adoptableÐ ° Ðwhen€caretakers€expressed€an€interest€in€adopting€them€but€subsequent€evidence€showedÏthe€placement€failed€and€no€one€was€willing€to€adopt€them].)Ô#†XW@X‹Šã ‘Q#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô€€Decision€to€remove€afterÐ °  Ðtermination€of€parental€rights€after€the€court€found€the€removal€would€be€detrimentalÏð ðborders€on€callousness.ðð€€(òòFresno€County€Dept.€of€Children€and€Family€Services€v.Ð °  ÐSuperior€Court€óó(2004)122€Cal.App.4th€626.)Ô#†XW@X‹Šã yS#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@ÔÐ °  ÐÌà ½ àNeed€not€have€adoptive€parents€waiting€in€the€wings.€€(òòIn€re€L.€Y.€L.óó€(2002)€101Ð °  ÐCal.App.4th€942,€956;€òòIn€re€Brian€P.óó€(2002)€99€Cal.App.4th616,624;€òòIn€re€Sarah€M.óóÐ °  Ð(1994)€22€Ô‡ŠrÔ‹‹Šã ÔCal.App.4thÔ#†Šã ‹‹ŠrÔV#Ô€1642,€1649;€òòIn€re€Jeremy€S.óó€(2001)€89€Cal.App.4th€514,€522€[mustÐ °  Ðterminate€parental€rights€though€minor€has€medical€problems€and€current€caretakers€wishÏnot€to€adopt],€disapproved€on€other€grounds€in€Ô‡ŠrÔ‹‹Šã ÔòòÔ_''ÔInÔ_''Ô€re€Ô_''ÔZethÔ_''Ô€S.€óó(2003)€31€Cal.4th€396,€Ô#†Šã ‹‹ŠrÔ8W#Ô413„Ð ° Ð414.)ÌÌà ½ àð ðA€social€worker's€opinion,€by€itself,€is€not€sufficient€to€support€a€finding€ofÏÔ_''ÔadoptabilityÔ_''Ô.ðð€€(òòIn€re€Brian€P.óó€(2002)€99€Cal.App.4th616,624€[social€worker€says€minorÐ ° Ðadoptable€and€chance€of€adoption€was€ð ðvery€goodðð€when€no€reason€for€the€conclusionÏgiven];€accord,€òòIn€re€Asia€L.óó€(2003)€107€Cal.App.4th€498,€Ô#†XW@X‹Šã ÞT#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô512€[ð ðthe€social€worker'sÐ ° Ðconclusion€alone€is€insufficient€to€support€a€finding€of€Ô_''ÔadoptabilityÔ_''Ôðð];€see,€e.g.,€òòIn€reÐ ° ÐAmelia€S.óó€(1991)€229€Cal.App.3d€1060,€1063„1065;€see€òòIn€re€Heather€P.€óó(1988)€203Ð ° ÐCal.App.3d€1214,€1228€[ð ðestablishing€that€the€return€of€the€child€would€create€aÏsubstantial€risk€of€detriment,€given€all€of€the€favorable€evidence,€would€require€more€thanÏthe€mere€conclusion€and€recommendation€on€the€part€of€the€social€worker€that€suchÏsubstantial€risk€of€detriment€existed.ðð];€but€see€òòIn€re€Megan€S.óó€(2002)€104€Ô‡ŠrÔ‹‹Šã ÔCal.App.4thÔ#†Šã ‹‹ŠrÔ`\#ÔÐ ° Ð247,€253,€fn.€7€[may€infer€the€juvenile€court€found€the€social€worker€credible€when€itÏterminated€parental€rights].)€Ð ÐÌà ½ àCourts€shall€consider€the€wishes€of€the€minor€to€the€extent€they€are€ascertainable.€Ï(Ô_''ÔWelfÔ_''Ô.€&€Inst.€Code,€ðð€366.26,€subd.€(h);€òòIn€re€Leo€M.óó€(1993)€19€Cal.App.4th€1583,€1591;Ð °# ÐòòIn€re€Juan€H.óó€(1992)€11€Cal.App.4th169,€173€not€when€child€too€young€to€fullyÐ °$  Ðunderstand];€òòIn€re€Diana€G.óó€(1992)€10€Cal.App.4th€1468,€1480;€òòIn€re€Julian€L.óó€(1998)€67Ð °%!! ÐCal.App.4th€204,€208„209€[should€at€least€attempt€to€determine€the€minorððs€feelingsÏtoward€the€biological€parents€and€the€current€caretakers€because€it€is€the€minorððs€destinyÏon€the€balance];€see€òòIn€re€Amber€M.óó€(2002)€103€Cal.App.4th€681,€687„688€[social€workerÐ °($$ ÐÔ_+'Ôshould€have€had€minorððs€wishes,€but€need€not€have€direct€statement€from€minor€if€couldÏbe€detrimental;€court€can€exclude€minor€from€testifying€if€there€is€evidence€it€would€beÏdetrimental];€but€see€òòIn€re€Amanda€D.óó€(1997)€55€Cal.App.4th€813,€820€[waived€andÐ °+'' Ðindirect€statements€sufficient];€òòIn€re€Michelle€M.€óó(1992)€4€Cal.App.4th1024,€1034„1035.)Ð ° ÐÌà ½ àAmericans€with€Disabilities€Act€does€not€apply.€€(òòIn€re€Anthony€P.óó€(2000)€84Ð ° ÐCal.App.4th€1112,€1116.)ÌÌà ½ àParentððs€reunification€efforts€irrelevant.€€Ô#†XW@X‹Šã ·Y#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ôð ðBy€the€time€of€a€section€366.26€hearing,Ð °  Ðthe€parentððs€interest€in€reunification€is€no€longer€an€issue€and€the€childððs€interest€in€aÏstable€and€permanent€placement€is€paramount.€€(òòIn€re€Marilyn€H.óó€(1993)€5€Cal.4th[295]Ð °  Ðat€p.€309;€òòIn€re€Richard€C.óó€(1998)€68€Cal.App.4th€1191,€1195„1196).ðð€€(òòIn€re€Jasmine€D.óóÐ °  Ð(2000)€78€Cal.App.4th€1339,€1348.)€€ð ðBecause€section€366.26€hearing€occurs€only€afterÏthe€court€has€repeatedly€found€the€parent€unable€to€meet€the€childððs€needs,€it€is€only€in€anÏextraordinary€case€that€preservation€of€the€parentððs€rights€will€prevail€over€theÏLegislatureððs€preference€for€adoptive€placement.ðð€€Ô#†XW@X‹Šã Òb#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô(òòId.óó€at€p.Ô#†XW@X‹Šã ée#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô€1350.)Ð °  ÐÔ#†XW@X‹Šã ;f#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@ÔÌà ½ àSubstantial€evidence€of€adoptability€when€social€worker€reported€that€the€minorÏð ðwas€€adoptable€because€she€was€female,€in€good€health,€developing€normally,€and€had€aÏsociable€personality.ðð€€(òòIn€re€L.€Y.€L.óó€(2002)€101€Cal.App.4th€942,€956.)€€Because€theÐ ° Ðminor€was€ð ðin€good€health,€young,€well€behaved,€socially€dong€well€Ô#†XW@X‹Šã ™f#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô...Ô#†XW@X‹Šã Lh#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô€and€happy.ðð€€(òòInÐ ° Ðre€T.S.€€óóÔ#†XW@X‹Šã “h#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô(2003)€113€Cal.App.4th€1327,€1329.)Ð ° ÐÌà ½ àUnder€42€U.S.C.€ðð€675(5)(C)€and€45€C.F.R.€ðð€1356.21(h)(3),€could€have€aÏpermanent€plan€of€long„term€foster€care€if€a€teen€requests€emancipation,€there€is€aÏsignificant€bond€between€the€parent,€and€the€caretaker€is€willing€to€keep€the€minor€untilÏ18€years€old;€or€if€a€tribe€identifies€long„term€foster€care€as€a€permanent€plan;€but€a€groupÏhome€does€not€qualify.€€(òòIn€re€Stuart€S.óó€(2002)€103€Ô‡ŠrÔ‹‹Šã ÔCal.App.4thÔ#†Šã ‹‹ŠrÔk#Ô€203,€208„209.)Ð ° ÐÌà ½ à2004€amendment€to€Ô#†XW@X‹Šã  i#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@ÔsubdivisionÔ#†XW@X‹Šã ¸k#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô€(c)(3)€of€section€366.26€now€prevents€the€courtÐ ° Ðfrom€considering€long„term€foster€care€after€continue€the€hearing€six€months€afterÏidentifying€adoption€as€the€permanent€plan.€€(òòIn€re€Ramone€R.óó€(2005)€132€Cal.App.4thÐ °  Ð1339,€1349„1350.)€€The€court€is€required€to€find€adoptability€by€clear€and€convincingÏevidence.€€(òòIn€re€Ramone€R.óó€(2005)€132€Cal.App.4th€1339,€Ô#†XW@X‹Šã l#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô1350„1351.)€€But€one€courtÐ °" Ðhad€held€that€whether€adoption€is€ð ðprobableðð€within€180€days€is€not€the€same€as€whetherÏadoption€is€ð ðlikelyðð€for€termination€of€parental€rights.€€(òòIn€re€Y.R.óó€(2007)€152€Ô#†XW@X‹Šã ãm#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@ÔCal.App.4thÔ#†XW@X‹Šã o#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@ÔÐ °$  Ð99,€Ô#†XW@X‹Šã \o#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô108„110.)€€That€the€social€worker€was€attempting€to€place€the€minors€together€makesÐ °%!! Ðthem€a€sibling€group€under€Ô#†XW@X‹Šã ·o#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@ÔsubdivisionÔ#†XW@X‹Šã |p#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô€(c)(3)€of€section€366.26.€(òòIn€re€Gabriel€G.óó€(2005)Ð °&"" Ð134€Cal.App.4th€1428,Ô#†XW@X‹Šã Ép#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô€1438.)Ð °'## Ðà ½ àAppealability:€€Must€file€notice€of€appeal€within€60€days.€€Ô#†XW@X‹Šã nq#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô(Welf.€&€Inst.€Code,Ð °($$ ÐððÔ#†XW@X‹Šã r#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô366.26,€subd.€(i);€òòIn€re€Ramone€R.óó€(2005)€132€Cal.App.4th€1339,€1349„1350;€òòIn€reÐ °)%% ÐGabriel€G.óó€(2005)€134€Cal.App.4th€1428,€1433„1438;€Ô#†XW@X‹Šã ƒr#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@ÔòòIn€re€Edward€H.óó€(1996)€43Ð °*&& ÐCal.App.4th€584,€590„591€[should€appeal€180€day€attempted€adoption€immediately];€butÐ °+'' Ðsee€òòIn€re€Y.R.óó€(2007)€152€Ô#†XW@X‹Šã js#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@ÔCal.App.4thÔ#†XW@X‹Šã it#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô€99,€108„110€[must€appeal€within€60€days,Ð ° Ðdisagreeing€with€òòRamone€R.€óóandòò€Gabriel€G.óó];€òòIn€re€Diana€G.óó€(1992)€10€Cal.App.4thÐ ° Ð1468,€1482€[decided€before€the€2004€amendment:€can€wait€til€the€final€adoption€order];€òòInÐ ° Ðre€Isaac€J.óó€(1992)€4€Cal.4th€525,€531€[no€relief€from€default].)Ð ° ÐÌÔ#†XW@X‹Šã ¶t#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ôà ½ àAppealability:€Arguably€one€cannot€petition€for€writ€the€termination€of€parentalÐ °  Ðrights€without€a€timely€appeal.€€(òòIn€re€Meranda€P.óó€(1997)€56€Cal.App.4th€1143,€1150Ð °  Ð[could€not€allege€ineffective€assistance€of€counsel€in€a€writ€petition€filed€concurrently€withÏan€appeal];€see€òòAdoption€of€Alexander€S.óó€(1988)€44€Cal.3d€857,€862,864Ô#†XW@X‹Šã wv#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô;€but€see€òòIn€reÐ °  ÐKristin€H.óó€(1996)€46€Cal.App.4th€1635,€1667;€òòIn€re€David€H.óó€(1995)€33€Cal.App.4th€368,Ð °  Ð380„385;€òòIn€re€Carrie€M.óó€(2001)€90€Cal.App.4th€530,€534„535€&€fn.€4€[can€appealÐ °  Ðtermination€of€parental€rights€just€to€file€habeas€corpus€petition];€òòIn€re€David€H.óó€(1995)€33Ð °  ÐCal.App.4th€368,€380„385;€òòIn€re€Darlace€C.óó€(2003)€105€Cal.App.4th€459,€465„466Ð °  Ð[òòMeranda€P.óó€conflicts€with€Cal.€Const.,€art.€VI,€ðð€10€and€distinguished€òòAlexander€Sóó.€inÐ °  Ðwhich€there€was€no€appeal].)ÌÌà ½ àMootness:€Cannot€present€a€motion€for€new€trial€after€terminating€parental€rights€inÏa€private€adoption€case.€€(òòIn€re€Isaac€J.óó€(1992)€4€Ô‡ŠrÔ‹‹Šã ÔCal.App.4thÔ#†Šã ‹‹ŠrÔ|{#Ô€525.)Ð ° Ðà ½ àAn€appeal€from€the€permanency€plan€does€not€become€moot€when€the€minor€turnsÏ18€years€old.€€(òòIn€re€Ruth€M.óó€(1991)€229€Ô#†XW@X‹Šã Dx#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@ÔCal.App.3dÔ#†XW@X‹Šã |#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô€475,€480,€fn.€4.)Ð ° ÐÌÔ#†XW@X‹Šã Û|#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ôà ½ àRemedy/Standing:€If€the€court€reverses€termination€of€parental€rights€for€oneÐ ° Ðparent,€it€must€reverse€for€the€other€parent.€(See€Welf.€&€Inst.€Code,€ðð€366.26,€subd.€(j);ÏCal.€Rules€of€Court,€rule€5.725(a)(2)òòóó;€òòIn€re€Mary€G.óó€(2007)€151€Ô#†XW@X‹Šã E}#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@ÔCal.App.4thÔ#†XW@X‹Šã  ~#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô€184,€Ô#†XW@X‹Šã í~#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô208;€€òòInÐ ° Ðre€Eileen€A.óó€(2000)€84€Cal.App.4th€1248,€1263,€overruled€on€another€point€in€òòIn€re€ZethÐ ° ÐS.óó€(2003)€31€Cal.4th€396,€413„414;Ô#†XW@X‹Šã 5#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô€òòIn€re€De€John€B.óó€(2000)€84€Cal.App.4th€100,€110;€butÐ ° Ðsee€òòIn€re€Caitlin€B.óó€(2000)€78€Cal.App.4th€1190,€1195;€òòIn€re€Jasmine€D.óó€(2000)€78Ð ° ÐCal.App.4th€1339,€1343,fn.€3.)Ìà ½ àTrial€court€erred€when€it€terminated€parental€rights€of€one€parent€beforeÏconsidering€whether€to€terminate€the€rights€of€the€other.€€(òòIn€re€Vincent€S.óó€(2001)€92Ð °! ÐCal.App.4th€1090,€1093.)ÌÌà ½ àStanding:€Cannot€contest€termination€of€parental€rights€of€the€other€parent.€€(òòIn€reÐ °$  ÐCaitlin€B.óó€(2000)€78€Cal.App.4th€1190,€1194;€€òòIn€re€Jasmine€J.óó€(1996)€46€Cal.App.4thÐ °%!! Ð1802,€1806„1808€[siblingððs€relationship];€òòIn€re€Gary€P.óó€(1995)€40€Cal.App.4th€875,€876„Ð °&"" Ð877€Ô_++Ô[grandmother].)ÌÌà ½ àStanding:€Cannot€contest€anything€after€parental€rights€have€been€terminated.€€(òòLosÐ °)%% ÐAngeles€County€Ô_++ÔDCFSÔ_++Ô€v.€Superior€Courtóó€(1998)€62€Cal.App.4th€1,€11€[placement].)€òòóóÐ °*&& Ðà ½ àWaiver:€€A€parent€does€not€waive€claiming€the€juvenile€court€could€not€terminateÐ °+'' Ðparental€rights€without€a€finding€that€the€parent€was€unfit,€though€there€was€no€appealÏfrom€the€dispositional€hearing.€€(òòIn€re€Gladys€L.óó€(2006)€141€Ô#†XW@X‹Šã .€#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@ÔCal.App.4thÔ#†XW@X‹Šã È…#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô€845,€Ô#†XW@X‹Šã †#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô849.)Ð ° ÐÌà ½ àWaiver:€€Failing€to€object€to€Ô_++ÔadoptabilityÔ_++Ô€does€not€waive€issue€for€appeal.€€(òòIn€reÐ ° ÐGregory€A.óó€(2005)€126€Cal.App.4th€1554,€1561;€òòIn€re€Erik€P.€óó(2002)€104€Cal.App.4thÐ ° Ð395,€399„400;€òòIn€re€Brian€P.óó€(2002)99€Cal.App.4th616,€623.)Ð °  Ðà ½ àð ðGenerally,€issues€not€raised€in€the€trial€court€cannot€be€raised€on€appeal.€€ððTheÏcontention€that€a€judgment€is€not€supported€by€substantial€evidence,€however,€is€anÏobvious€exception€to€the€rule.ðð€€(òòTahoe€National€Bank€v.€Philipsóó€(191)€4€Cal.3d€11,€23,€fn.Ð °  Ð17.)€€In€other€words,€when€the€merits€of€a€case€are€contested,€a€parent€is€not€required€toÏobject€to€the€agencyððs€failure€to€carry€its€burden€of€proof.€€[Citations.]ðð€€(òòIn€re€Javier€G.óóÐ °  Ð(2006)€137€Cal.App.4th€453,€Ô#†XW@X‹Šã ]†#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô464€[including€submissions€to€the€social€worker€report].)Ô#†XW@X‹Šã @Š#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@ÔÐ °  ÐÌà ½ àWaiver:€€Failure€to€object€to€not€obtaining€minorððs€wish€waived€without€objection.€Ï(òòIn€re€Asia€L.óó€(2003)107€Cal.App.4th498,€513.)Ð ° ÐÌà ½ àWaiver:€€Failure€to€object€to€setting€a€permanent€plan€hearing€waives€the€argumentÏthere€was€clear€and€convincing€evidence€at€the€termination€of€services€that€long€termÏfoster€care€was€the€appropriate€permanent€plan.€€(òòVictoria€S.€v.€Superior€Courtóó€(2004)€118Ð ° ÐCal.App.4th€729,€732.)ÌÌà ½ àRipeness:€€Do€not€consider€Ô_++ÔadoptabilityÔ_++Ô€when€court€continues€permanent€planÏhearing€for€180€days€to€seek€adoptive€placement.€€(òòIn€re€Cody€C.óó€(2004)€121€Cal.App.4thÐ ° Ð1297,€1300„1301;Ô#†XW@X‹Šã »Š#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô€òòIn€re€Jacob€S.óó€(2002)€104€Cal.App.4th€1011,€1019;€but€see€òòIn€reÐ ° ÐEdward€H.óó€(1996)€43€Cal.App.4th€584,€590.)Ð ° ÐÌà ½ àStandard€of€review:€Review€for€substantial€evidence.€€(òòIn€re€Erik€P.€óó(2002)€104Ð ° ÐCal.App.4th€395,€400;€òòIn€re€Autumn€H.óó€(1994)€27€Cal.App.4th€567,€575„576€[andÐ ° Ð(c)(1)(A)€exception];€òòIn€re€Heather€B.óó€(1992)€9€Cal.App.4th€535,€563;€òòIn€re€Casey€D.óóÐ °  Ð(1999)€70€Cal.App.4th€38,€52„53;€òòIn€re€Fernando€M.óó€(2006)€138€Cal.App.4th€529,€535;€òòInÐ °! Ðre€Ô_++ÔLukasÔ_++Ô€B.óó€(2000)€79€Cal.App.4th€1145,€1154;€òòIn€re€Jeremy€S.óó€(2001)€89€Cal.App.4thÐ °" Ð514,€523,€disapproved€on€other€grounds€in€Ô‡ŠrÔ‹‹Šã ÔòòÔ_++ÔInÔ_++Ô€re€Ô_++ÔZethÔ_++Ô€S.€óó(2003)€31€Cal.4th€396,€Ô#†Šã ‹‹ŠrÔ@‘#Ô413„414;Ð °# Ðbut€see€òòIn€re€Jasmine€D.óó€(2000)€78€Cal.App.4th€1339,€1351€[abuse€of€discretionÐ °$  Ðstandard].)òòóóÔ#†XW@X‹Šã þ#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ôò òó óÐ °%!! ÐÌà ½ àRemedy:€If€reverse€termination€of€parental€rights€because€of€new€evidence€underÏCode€Civil€of€Procedure€section€909,€remand€for€an€updated€review€hearing€where€theÏtrial€court€either€summarily€terminates€parental€rights€or€adopts€a€different€permanentÏplan.€€Ô‡ŠrÔ‹‹Šã Ô(òòIn€re€Ô_++ÔJaysonÔ_++Ô€T.óó€(2002)97€Cal.App.4th75,78,€91Ô#†Šã ‹‹ŠrÔñ“#Ô,€disapproved€on€a€related€groundÐ °*&& Ðin€Ô‡ŠrÔ‹‹Šã ÔòòÔ_++ÔInÔ_++Ô€re€Ô_++ÔZethÔ_++Ô€S.€óó(2003)€31€Cal.4th€396,€Ô#†Šã ‹‹ŠrÔÔ#Ô413„414Ô‡ŠrÔ‹‹Šã Ô.)Ô#†Šã ‹‹ŠrÔw•#ÔÐ °+'' ЇñGñÔ% ‡1 ÔñGñPARENTñGñÔ%†1Ö•ÔñGñ„CHILD€EXCEPTION:Ìà ½ àð ðThe€ððbenefit€exception'€found€in€section€366.26,€subdivision€(c)(1)(A)€may€be€theÐ ° Ðmost€unsuccessfully€litigated€issue€in€the€history€of€law.ðð€€(òòIn€re€Eileen€A.óó€(2000)€84Ð ° ÐCal.App.4th€1248,€1255,€fn.€5,€disapproved€on€other€grounds€in€Ô‡ŠrÔ‹‹Šã ÔòòÔ_++ÔInÔ_++Ô€re€Ô_++ÔZethÔ_++Ô€S.€óó(2003)€31Ð ° ÐCal.4th€396,€Ô#†Šã ‹‹ŠrÔH—#Ô413„414.)Ô#†XW@X‹Šã §’#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@ÔÐ ° ÐÌà ½ àParent„child€exception€applies€only€in€exceptional€circumstances.€€(See€òòIn€re€Ô_++ÔCelineÔ_++ÔÐ °  ÐR.óó€(2003)€31€Cal.4th€45,€53.)€€The€parent„minor€bond€exception€requires€showing€parentÐ °  Ðassumed€a€òòparental€role€óówhich€provides€benefit€to€the€minor€such€that€òòoutweighsóó€theÐ °  Ðbenefit€of€permanency.€€(òòIn€re€Autumn€H.óó€(1994)€27€Cal.App.4th€567,€573,€576€[balanceÐ °  Ðbenefit€of€parentððs€relationship,€minorððs€age,€proportion€of€time€with€parent,€positive€orÏnegative€effect€of€visits,€and€minorððs€particular€needs];€òòIn€re€Beatrice€M.óó€(1994)€29Ð °  ÐCal.App.4th€1411,€1418€[frequent€and€loving€contact€is€not€enough€without€a€significantÏpositive€emotional€attachment€by€the€child];€òòIn€re€Brittany€C.óó€(1999)€76€Cal.App.4th€847;òòÐ °  ÐIn€re€Jasmine€D.óó€(2000)€78€Cal.App.4th€1339,€1347„1350€[visits€not€enough],€cited€withÐ ° Ðapproval€in€òòÔ_++ÔInÔ_++Ô€re€Ô_++ÔCelineÔ_++Ô€R.óó€(2003)€31€Cal.4th€45,€53;€see€òòIn€re€L.€Y.€L.óó€(2002)€101Ð ° ÐCal.App.4th€942,€953„954€[extending€òòAutumn€H.óó€to€the€(c)(1)(E)€exception],€cited€withÐ ° Ðapproval€in€òòÔ_++ÔInÔ_++Ô€re€Ô_++ÔCelineÔ_++Ô€R.óó€(2003)€31€Cal.4th€45,€61.)òòÔ#†XW@X‹Šã 5˜#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@ÔÐ ° Ðà ½ àóóSee€also:€òòIn€re€Jaime€R.óó€(2001)€90€Cal.App.4th€766,€773„774€[despite€minorððsÐ ° Ðstrong€bond€because€visits€created€divided€loyalties];€òòIn€re€Ô_++ÔTanekaÔ_++Ô€W.óó€(1995)€37Ð ° ÐCal.App.4th€721,€728„729€[frequent€and€loving€contact€is€not€enough€without€aÏsignificant€positive€emotional€attachment€by€the€child];€òòIn€re€Angel€B.óó€(2002)€97Ð ° ÐCal.App.4th454,€466€[regular€visitation€and€whether€(a)€continuation€of€the€relationshipÏwill€promote€the€well€being€of€the€minor€to€outweigh€termination€of€parental€rights€or€(b)Ïterminating€parental€rights€would€be€detrimental€to€the€minor];€òòIn€re€Brandon€C.óó€(1999)Ð ° Ð73€Cal.App.4th€1530òò€óó[upheld€court€finding€the€exception,€though€limited€visitation];€òòIn€reÐ ° ÐDerek€W.óó€(1999)€73€Cal.App.4th€825;òòóó€òòIn€re€Andrea€R.óó€(1999)€75€Cal.App.4th€1093;€òòIn€reÐ ° ÐCasey€D.óó€(1999)€70€Cal.App.4th€38,€50„53€[arguably€watered€down€òòAutumn€H.Ð ° Ðóóbalancing];€òòIn€re€Zachary€G.óó€(1999)€77€Cal.App.4th€799;€òòIn€re€Amanda€D.óó€(1997)€55Ð °  ÐCal.App.4th€813;€òòIn€re€Jeremy€S.óó€(2001)€89€Cal.App.4th€514,€523€[òòAutumn€H.óó€is€correct],Ð °! Ðdisapproved€on€other€grounds€in€Ô‡ŠrÔ‹‹Šã ÔòòÔ_++ÔInÔ_++Ô€re€Ô_++ÔZethÔ_++Ô€S.€óó(2003)€31€Cal.4th€396,€Ô#†Šã ‹‹ŠrÔ©£#Ô413„414;€òòIn€reÐ °" ÐLorenzo€C.óó€(1997)€54€Cal.App.4th€1330,€1342€[requires€a€substantial€positive€emotionalÐ °# Ðattachment€such€that€minor€would€be€greatly€harmed];€òòIn€re€Clifton€B.óó€(2000)€81Ð °$  ÐCal.App.4th€415;€see€òòIn€re€Eileen€A.óó€(2000)€84€Cal.App.4th€1248,€1255,€fn.€7€[ð ðweÐ °%!! Ðdecline€to€be€so€cynical€as€to€presume€that€the€Legislature€actually€never€expected€òòanyóóÐ °&"" ÐÔ_++Ôparent€to€fit€in€the€exceptionðð],€disapproved€on€other€grounds€in€Ô‡ŠrÔ‹‹Šã ÔòòIn€re€Zeth€S.€óó(2003)€31Ð °'## ÐCal.4th€396,€Ô#†Šã ‹‹ŠrÔŠ¦#Ô413„414Ô#†XW@X‹Šã +ž#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô;€but€see€òòIn€re€Jerome€D.óó€(2000)€84€Cal.App.4th€1200,€1206„1209Ð °($$ Ð[same€òòAutumn€H.óó€factors€and€consider€minorððs€best€interests;€bond€exists€when€evidenceÐ °)%% Ðof€strong€attachment€after€the€9€year„old€lived€with€parent€for€6ðð€years].)ÌÐ °+'' Ðà ½ àElements:€€The€parent€must€show€in€the€juvenile€court€by€the€preponderance€of€theÏevidence:€(1)€regular€visitation,€(2)€creating€a€significant€parent„child€relationship,€(3)Ïsuch€that€on€balance€the€detriment€of€discontinuing€the€relationship€would€outweigh€theÏbenefit€of€permanency.€€(òòIn€re€Autumn€H.óó€(1994)€27€Cal.App.4th€567,€Ô#†XW@X‹Šã 5§#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô573,€576;€òòIn€reÐ ° ÐBeatrice€M.óó€(1994)€29€Cal.App.4th€1411,€1418;€òòIn€re€Angel€B.óó€(2002)€97€Cal.App.4thÐ ° Ð454,€466.)Ìà ½ àThe€parent€has€the€burden€of€proof€to€show€the€exception€applies;€CPS€need€notÏshow€absence€of€the€exception.€€(òòIn€re€Erik€P.€óó(2002)€104€Cal.App.4th€395,€401;€òòIn€reÐ °  ÐAngel€B.óó€(2002)€97€Cal.App.4th€454,€466.)Ð °  ÐÌà ½ à[1]€Regular€contactÌà ½ àRegular€visitation€is€the€threshold€requirement.€€(òòIn€re€Zeth€S.óó€(2003)€31€Cal.4thÐ °  Ð396,€412,€fn.€9;€òòIn€re€Aalyah€R.óó€(2006)€136€Cal.App.4th€437,€450.)Ð °  ÐÌà ½ à[2]€Significant€relationshipÔ#†XW@X‹Šã ª#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@ÔÐ ° Ðà ½ àRegular€visitation€and€contact€requires€the€parent€to€be€in€a€ð ðparental€role.ðð€€(òòIn€reÐ ° ÐBeatrice€M.óó€(1994)29€Cal.App.4th€1411,€14818„1420€[as€in€ð ðongoing€daily€careðð];€òòIn€reÐ ° ÐDerek€W.óó€(1999)€73€Cal.App.4th€823,827€[ð ðThe€parent€must€do€more€than€demonstrate,Ð ° Ðððfrequentðð€and€loving€contact,€...€an€emotional€bond€with€the€child,€or€that€parent€andÏchild€find€their€visits€pleasant€...Ô‡ŠrÔ‹‹Šã Ô€.Ô#†Šã ‹‹ŠrÔ7¯#Ô€Instead,€the€parent€must€show€that€he€or€she€occupies€aÐ ° Ðððparental€roleðð€in€the€childððs€life.ðð];€òòIn€re€Casey€D.óó€(1999)70€Cal.App.4th€38,€51€[ð ðaÐ ° Ðrelationship€characteristically€arising€from€day€to€day€interaction,€companionship€andÏshared€experiences€...€ðð]€but€see€òòibid.óó€[ð ðA€strong€and€beneficial€parent/child€relationshipÐ ° Ðmight€exist€such€that€termination€of€parental€rights€would€be€detrimental€to€the€child€...Ïdespite€a€lack€of€day€to€day€contact€and€interaction.ðð].)€€€ð ðInteraction€between€naturalÏparents€and€child€will€always€confer€some€incidental€benefit€to€the€child.€...€TheÏrelationship€arises€from€day„to„day€interaction,€companionship€and€shared€experiences.ðð€Ï(òòIn€re€Autumn€H.óó€(1994)€27€Ô‡ŠrÔ‹‹Šã ÔCal.App.4th€567,Ô#†Šã ‹‹ŠrÔ¬²#Ô€575;€òòIn€re€L.€Y.€L.óó€(2002)€101€Cal.App.4thÐ ° Ð942,€954€[the€parent€must€show€more€than€frequent€contacts;€parents€did€not€assumeÏparental€role€when€not€ask€the€school€or€go€to€activities€and€did€not€instruct€or€disciplineÏthe€minors;€the€minors€were€upset€when€required€to€visit,€did€not€say€bye€when€theyÏended,€refused€to€kiss€parent€voluntarily,€and€was€irritable€but€stable€after€the€visits].)Ìà ½ àMust€have€more€than€enjoyable€visits;€must€have€some€resemblance€of€theÏconsistent,€daily€nurturing€that€marks€a€parental€relationship.€€(òòIn€re€Brittany€C.óó€(1999)€76Ð °%!! ÐCal.App.4th€847,€854.)€€ð ð[A]€parent€may€not€claim€entitlement€to€the€exception€providedÏby€subdivision€(c)(1)(A)€simply€by€demonstrating€some€benefit€to€the€child€from€aÏcontinued€relationship€with€the€parent,€or€some€detriment€from€termination€of€parentalÏrights.ðð€€(òòIn€re€Jasmine€D.óó€(2000)€78€Cal.App.4th€1339,€1349,€cited€with€approval€in€òòIn€reÐ °)%% ÐCeline€R.óó€(2003)€31€Cal.4th€45,€53.)€€ð ð[I]t€would€make€no€sense€to€forego€adoption€inÐ °*&& Ðorder€to€preserve€parental€rights€in€the€absence€of€a€real€parental€relationship.ðð€(òòIbid.óó)€Ð °+'' Ðà ½ àð ðEven€when€the€visits€were€consistent€and€frequent,€the€mother€did€not€occupy€aÏparental€role.€€At€best,€she€occupied€a€pleasant€place€in€Elizabethððs€life.€€This€isÏinsufficient€to€deny€a€child€who€cannot€be€returned€to€her€parents€the€secure€andÏpermanent€home€decreed€by€the€Legislature€to€be€in€her€best€interests.€€(òòIn€re€Beatrice€M.óóÐ ° Ð(1994)€29€Cal.App.4th€1411,1418„1420.)ðð€€(òòIn€re€Elizabeth€M.€óó(1997)€52€Cal.App.4thÐ ° Ð318,€324.)Ìà ½ àð ðWe€also€interpret€the€statute€as€requiring€that€the€parent€must€show€that€he€or€sheÏhas€a€parent/child€relationship€with€the€child,€rather€than€a€friendship.€€While€friendshipsÏare€important,€a€child€needs€at€least€one€parent.€€Where€a€biological€parent,€such€asÏappellant,€is€incapable€to€functioning€in€that€role,€the€child€should€be€given€everyÏopportunity€to€bond€with€and€individual€who€will€assume€the€role€of€a€parent.ðð€€(òòIn€reÐ °  ÐBrittany€C.óó€(1999)€76€Cal.App.4th€847,€854.)Ð °  Ðà ½ àA€parent€must€show€that€severing€the€relationship€would€deprive€the€minor€of€aÏòòsubstantialóó,€positive€emotional€attachment€such€that€would€be€òògreatly€harmedóó€byÐ °  Ðtermination€of€parental€rights.€€(òòIn€re€Angel€B.óó€(2002)€97€Cal.App.4th€454,€466.)€TheÐ ° Ðparent€cannot€ð ðderailðð€adoption€by€showing€ð ðsomeðð€benefit.€(òòIbid.óó)€€Ð ° ÐÌà ½ àBut€òòóóthe€statute€itself€ð ðdoes€not€define€the€type€of€parent„child€relationship€whichÐ ° Ðwill€trigger€the€application€of€this€exception.ðð€(òòIn€re€Brandon€C.€óó(1999)€71€Cal.App.4thÐ ° Ð1530,€1534;€accord,€òòIn€re€Angel€B.óó€(2002)€97€Cal.App.4th€454,€466.)€€ð ðThe€benefit€ofÐ ° Ðcontinued€contact€between€mother€and€children€must€be€considered€in€the€context€of€theÏvery€limited€visitation€mother€was€permitted€to€have.€€In€this€case,€mother€was€not€theÏboysðð€primary€caretaker,€and€quantitative€measurement€of€the€specific€amount€of€ððcomfort,Ïnourishment€or€physical€careðð€she€provided€during€her€weekly€visits€is€not€necessary.ðð€Ï(òòId.óó,€at€pp.€1537„1538.)€€It€is€the€quality€of€the€interaction€that€mattered,€and€ð ðit€is€DFCSÐ ° Ðwhich€failed€to€provide€information€to€the€court€about€the€quality€of€the€visits€during€theÏyear€preceding€the€section€366.26€hearing.€€Its€report€consistently€described€the€regularityÏof€the€visits,€with€no€evaluation€of€their€success.ðð€€(òòId.óó,€at€p.€1538;€see€also€òòIn€re€JeromeÐ ° ÐD.óó€(2000)€84€Cal.App.4th€1200,€1207„1208.)Ð °  Ðà ½ àBut€the€court€in€òòAutumn€H.,€supra,óó€27€Cal.App.4th567€also€said€ð ð[t]he€exceptionÐ °! Ðmust€be€examined€on€a€case„by„case€basis.€€The€age€of€the€child,€the€portion€of€the€childððsÏlife€span€spent€in€the€parentððs€custody,€the€ððpositiveðð€or€ððnegativeðð€effect€of€interactionÏbetween€parent€and€child,€and€the€childððs€particular€needs€are€some€of€the€variables€whichÏlogically€affect€a€parent/child€bond.ðð€€(òòId.óó,€at€pp.€575„576.)Ð °%!! Ðà ½ àThe€court€that€decided€òòIn€re€Autumn€H.óó€(1994)€27€Cal.App.4th€567€also€stated€allÐ °&"" Ðthat€is€required€is€ð ða€relationship€characteristically€arising€from€day„to„day€interaction,Ïcompanionship€and€shared€experiences.€€Day„to„day€contact€is€not€necessarily€required,Ïalthough€it€is€typical€in€a€parent„child€relationship.€€A€strong€and€beneficial€parent„childÏrelationship€might€exist€such€that€termination€of€parental€rights€would€be€detrimental€toÏthe€child,€particularly€in€the€case€of€an€older€child,€despite€a€lack€of€day„to„day€contactÐ °+'' Ðand€interaction.ðð€€(òòIn€re€Casey€D.óó€(1999)€70€Cal.App.4th€38,€51€[but€friendly€visitor€withÐ ° Ða€child€parent€never€cared€for€not€enough].)ÌÌà ½ à[3]€Benefit€outweighs€adoptionÌà ½ àð ð[W]e€interpret€the€ððbenefit€from€continuing€the€[parent/child]€relationshipððÏexception€to€mean€the€relationship€promotes€the€well„being€of€the€child€to€such€a€degreeÏas€to€outweigh€the€well„being€the€child€would€gain€in€a€permanent€home€with€new,Ïadoptive€parents.€€In€other€words,€the€court€balances€the€strength€and€quality€of€the€naturalÏparent/child€relationship€in€a€tenuous€placement€against€the€security€and€the€sense€ofÏbelonging€a€new€family€would€confer.€€If€severing€the€natural€parent/child€relationshipÏwould€deprive€the€child€of€a€substantial,€positive€emotional€attachment€such€that€the€childÏwould€be€greatly€harmed,€the€preference€for€adoption€is€overcome€and€the€natural€parentððsÏrights€are€not€terminated.€€[ðð]€€Interaction€between€natural€parent€and€child€will€alwaysÏconfer€some€incidental€benefit€to€the€child€...Ô‡ŠrÔ‹‹Šã Ô€.Ô#†Šã ‹‹ŠrÔäÊ#Ô€The€exception€applies€only€where€theÐ °  Ðcourt€finds€regular€visits€and€contact€have€continued€or€developed€a€significant,€positive,Ïemotional€attachment€from€child€to€parent.ðð€€(òòIn€re€Autumn€H.óó€(1994)€27€Cal.App.4thÐ ° Ð567,€575;€òòIn€re€L.€Y.€L.óó€(2002)€101€Cal.App.4th€942,€953òòóó€[ð ðIf€severing€the€natural€parent[„Ð ° Ð]child€relationship€would€deprive€the€child€of€a€substantial,€positive€emotional€attachmentÏsuch€that€the€child€would€be€greatly€harmed,€the€preference€for€adoption€is€overcome€andÏthe€natural€parentððs€rights€are€not€terminated.ðð].)Ìà ½ àð ðThe€balancing€of€competing€considerations€must€be€performed€on€a€case„by„caseÏbasis€and€take€into€account€many€variables,€including€the€age€of€the€child,€the€portion€ofÏthe€childððs€life€spent€in€the€parentððs€custody,€the€ððpositiveðð€or€ððnegativeðð€effect€ofÏinteraction€between€parent€and€child,€and€the€childððs€particular€needs.€€[Citations.]€€WhenÏthe€benefits€form€a€stable€and€permanent€home€provided€by€adoption€outweigh€theÏbenefits€from€a€continued€parent/child€relationship,€the€court€should€order€adoption.€Ï[Citations.]ðð€€(òòIn€re€Zachary€G.óó€(1999)€77€Cal.App.4th799,€811,€opn.€mod.€Jan.€19,€2000;Ð ° ÐòòIn€re€Megan€S.óó€(2002)€104€Ô‡ŠrÔ‹‹Šã ÔCal.App.4thÔ#†Šã ‹‹ŠrÔ\Ð#Ô€247,€254€[court€examines€the€subdivision€withinÐ ° Ðthe€context€of€the€best€interests€of€the€minor].)Ìà ½ àA€parent€must€show€that€severing€the€relationship€would€deprive€the€minor€of€aÏòòsubstantialóó,€positive€emotional€attachment€such€that€would€be€òògreatly€harmedóó€byÐ °" Ðtermination€of€parental€rights.€€(òòIn€re€Angel€B.óó€(2002)€97€Cal.App.4th€454,€466.)€TheÐ °# Ðparent€cannot€ð ðderailðð€adoption€by€showing€ð ðsomeðð€benefit.€(òòIbid.óó)€€In€order€to€determineÐ °$  Ðif€the€relationship€benefits€the€minor,€ò òconsider:€(1)€the€age€of€the€minor,€(2)€portions€ofÐ °%!! Ðthe€minorððs€life€in€the€parentððs€custody,€(3)€the€positive€and€negative€effect€of€theÏinteraction€between€the€two,€and€(4)€the€minorððs€particular€needsó ó.€(òòIbid.óó)€€PositiveÐ ´'## Ðand€negative€interaction€are€shown€by;€(a)€comments€by€the€minor€that€he€or€she€does€notÏwant€to€see€the€parent,€(b)€unhappiness€or€acting€out€around€the€visits,€(c)€indifference€to€aÏparent,€(d)€anger€or€detachment.€(òòId.óó,€at€p.€466,€fn.€4.)€€[Then€determine€if€greatly€harmedÐ ¸*&& Ðby€termination.]€€Here,€the€exception€did€not€apply€when€(1)€minor€too€young€Ô_++ÔtoÐ ¸+'' Ðunderstand€who€is€biological€parents€were,€(2)€the€minor€spent€only€a€few€hours€with€theÏparent€during€visitation,€(3)€though€a€positive€relationship,€not€a€parent„child€one,€and€(4)Ïminor€has€no€particular€needs€which€cannot€be€met€by€the€adoptive€parents.€(òòId.óó,€at€pp.€Ð ° Ð466„467.)ÌÌà ½ àAlthough€there€was€a€bond€between€the€minor€and€the€parent,€an€autistic€minorÏwho€would€receive€proper€care€from€the€current€caretakers€should€be€adopted.€€(òòIn€reÐ °  ÐDakota€H.óó€(2005)€132€Cal.App.4th€212,€229„230.)Ð °  ÐÌà ½ àException€applied€when€mother€cared€for€7,€5,€and€3€year€old€for€all€but€two€€years;Ïbonding€study€says€minors€have€ððprimary€attachmentðð€to€the€mother€and€see€her€as€theirÏmother,€and€terminating€parental€rights€would€be€detrimental;€CASA€workerÏrecommended€against€adoption€because€they€had€difficulty€separating€from€the€mother;Ïthough€social€workerððs€testimony€that€mother€was€not€fit€and€caretaker€provided€a€goodÏhome.€€(òòIn€re€Amber€M.óó€(2002)€103€Cal.App.4th€681,€689„690€[there€is€no€guaranteeÐ ° Ðcaretaker€would€maintain€visitation€after€terminating€parental€rights]€)ÌÌñHñÔ% ‡2 ÔñHñSIBLINGñHñÔ%†2—ÚÔñHñ€EXCEPTION:Ìà ½ àò òPolicyó ó:€€ð ðChildren€are€not€community€property€to€be€divided€equally€for€the€benefitÐ ° Ðof€their€parents.€Ô#†XW@X‹Šã 8­#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô...Ô#†XW@X‹Šã ‰Û#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô€The€children€have€not€chosen€to€divorce€each€other.€€At€a€minimum,Ð ´ Ðthe€children€have€a€right€to€the€society€and€companionship€of€their€siblings.ðð€€(òòMarriageÐ ´ Ðof€Williamsóó€(2001)€88€Cal.App.4th€808,€814.)€€ð ðThere€is€a€ð ðstrong€Ô_++Ôpolic[yÔ_++Ô]€in€CaliforniaÐ ´ Ðlawðð€in€ð ðthat€the€sibling€bond€should€be€preserved€whenever€possible€Ô#†XW@X‹Šã ÐÛ#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô...Ô‡ŠrÔ‹‹Šã Ô€.Ô#†Šã ‹‹ŠrÔãÝ#ÔÔ#†XW@X‹Šã ¿Ý#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô€ðð€€(òòMarriage€ofÐ ´ ÐHeathóó€(2004)€124€Cal.App.4th€444,€449.)€€ð ð[Ô_++ÔM]aintainingÔ_++Ô€sibling€relationships,€under€theÐ ´ Ðright€circumstances,€is€imperative€for€the€emotional€well„being€of€the€[dependent]€childÏnow€and€in€the€future.€€For€children€who€will€never€be€returned€to€their€parents,€siblingsÏmay€be€the€only€true€family€they€will€ever€have.ðð€€(òòIn€re€Valerie€A.óó€(2007)€152Ð ´ ÐÔ#†XW@X‹Šã JÞ#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@ÔCal.App.4thÔ#†XW@X‹Šã kà#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô€987,€Ô#†XW@X‹Šã ¸à#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô1003.)Ð ´ ÐÌà ½ àInterests€of€siblings€are€irrelevant.€€(òòIn€re€Ô_++ÔCelineÔ_++Ô€R.óó€(2003)€31€Cal.4th€45,€54;€òòIn€reÐ ´! ÐClifton€B.óó€(2000)€81€Cal.App.4th415€[before€c1E€exception€enacted].)Ð ´" Ðà ½ àBut€a€siblingððs€testimony€can€provide€indirect€evidence€of€the€dependent€childððsÏbest€interests.€€(òòIn€re€Naomi€P.óó€(2005)€132€Ô#†XW@X‹Šã á#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@ÔCal.App.4thÔ#†XW@X‹Šã ñâ#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô€808,€823.)Ð ´$  ÐÌà ½ àThe€exception€is€not€applied€retroactively.€€(òòIn€re€Daniel€H.óó€(2002)€99€Cal.App.4thÐ ´&"" Ð804,€812;€òòIn€re€Raymond€E.óó€(2002)97€Cal.App.4th€613,€616,€618.)€Ð ´'## ÐÌà ½ àAnalysis€is€similar€to€the€parent„child€exception,€so€follow€òòAutumn€H.óó€€(Ô‡ŠrÔ‹‹Šã ÔòòIn€re€L.€Y.Ð ´)%% ÐL.óó€(2002)€101€Cal.App.4th942,Ô#†Šã ‹‹ŠrÔ°ä#Ô951,€cited€with€approval€in€òòÔ_++ÔInÔ_++Ô€re€Ô_++ÔCelineÔ_++Ô€R.óó€(2003)€31Ð ´*&& ÐCal.4th€45,€61.)Ð ´+'' ÐÔ_++Ô‡à ½ àSiblings€include€biological€siblings€or€half„siblings€who€have€been€adopted€byÏothers.€€(òòIn€re€Valerie€A.óó€(2006)€139€Ô#†XW@X‹Šã Bà#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@ÔCal.App.4thÔ#†XW@X‹Šã [ã#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô€1519,€1522„1524.)Ð °  ÐÌà  àFirst,€the€court€determines€if€termination€of€parental€rights€would€substantialÏinterfere€with€a€sibling€relationship.€€Substantial€interference€requires€a€relationship€thatÏis€so€significant€that€it€would€be€detrimental€under€the€factors€listed€in€subdivisionÏ(c)(1)(A).€€(Ô‡ŠrÔ‹‹Šã ÔòòIn€re€L.€Y.€L.óó€(2002)€101€Cal.App.4th942,Ô#†Šã ‹‹ŠrÔ å#Ô952€[no€significant€relationshipÐ °  Ðbetween€the€siblings,€though€they€loved€each€other,€miss€each€other,€would€be€said€to€notÏsee€each€other;€there€was€no€evidence€of€any€harm€beyond€short€sadness],€cited€withÏapproval€in€òòIn€re€Celine€R.óó€(2003)€31€Cal.4th€45,€61;€òòIn€re€Daisy€D.óó€(2006)€144Ð ° ÐÔ#†XW@X‹Šã ¨ã#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@ÔCal.App.4thÔ#†XW@X‹Šã öæ#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô€287,€293„294€[no€relationship€when€no€or€little€evidence€of€emotionalÐ ° Ðattachment€between€the€minors];€òòIn€re€S.M.óó€(2004)€118€Cal.App.4th€1108,Ô#†XW@X‹Šã Cç#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô€1122€[there€isÐ ° Ðno€sibling€relationship€when€removed€from€birth];€òòIn€re€Megan€S.óó€(2002)€104Ð ° ÐÔ‡ŠrÔ‹‹Šã ÔCal.App.4thÔ#†Šã ‹‹ŠrÔÖè#Ô€247,€251„254€[first€of€three,€whether€severing€the€sibling€relationship€wouldÐ ° Ðbe€detrimental];€òòÔ#†XW@X‹Šã -è#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ôid.óó€at€p.Ô#†XW@X‹Šã ½é#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô€252€[parent€has€the€burden€of€proof€and€CPS€need€not€show€anÐ ° Ðabsence€of€detriment];€òòIn€re€Erik€P.€óó(2002)€104€Cal.App.4th€395,€403€[consider€theÐ ° Ðnature€and€extent€of€the€sibling€relationship,€including€(1)€whether€they€were€raised€in€theÏsame€home;€(2)€whether€shared€significant€common€experiences,€and€(3)€whether€thereÏwas€a€close€bond];€òòÔ#†XW@X‹Šã  ê#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ôid.óó€at€p.Ô#†XW@X‹Šã Óë#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô€404€[there€must€be€a€substantial€sibling€relationship];€òòIn€reÐ ° ÐJacob€S.óó€(2002)€104€Cal.App.4th€1011,€1017€[must€be€sufficiently€detrimental,€thenÐ ° Ðweight€against€the€benefit€of€permanency€from€adoption];€òòÔ#†XW@X‹Šã !ì#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ôid.óó€at€pÔ#†XW@X‹Šã _í#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ôp.€1017„1018€[someÐ ° Ðsadness,€just€playmates€not€enough].)ÌÌà  àSecond,€if€there€would€be€substantial€interference,€the€court€must€weigh€theÏminorððs€best€interests€in€continuing€the€relationship€with€the€benefit€of€permanence€ofÏadoption.€€(Ô‡ŠrÔ‹‹Šã ÔòòIn€re€L.€Y.€L.óó€(2002)€101€Cal.App.4th942,Ô#†Šã ‹‹ŠrÔÙî#Ô952„953€[the€value€of€the€siblingÐ °$  Ðrelationship€is€low€when€the€parentsðð€chance€of€reunification€is€low;€the€siblingÏrelationship€would€deprive€the€minor€of€stability],€cited€with€approval€in€òòIn€re€Celine€R.óóÐ °&"" Ð(2003)€31€Cal.4th€45,€61;€òòIn€re€Megan€S.óó€(2002)€104€Ô‡ŠrÔ‹‹Šã ÔCal.App.4thÔ#†Šã ‹‹ŠrÔ†ð#Ô€247,€251„254€[secondÐ °'## Ðof€three,€whether€the€sibling€relationship€outweighs€the€benefit€of€adoption;€the€courtÏexamines€the€subdivision€within€the€context€of€the€minorððs€best€interests];€òòIn€re€Erik€P.Ð °)%% Ðóó(2002)€104€Cal.App.4th€395,€401,€403€[this€is€a€prerequisite;€not€met€if€they€are€in€theÐ °*&& Ðsame€home];€òòIn€re€Luke€M.óó€(2003)107€Cal.App.4th1412,€Ô#†XW@X‹Šã ¬í#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô1426€[sibling€Ô_++ÔrelationshipÐ °+'' Ðwhen€8€and€10€year„Ô_++ÔoldsÔ_++Ô€depend€on€each€other€for€support€and€security,€ask€for€eachÏother];€òòIn€re€Jacob€S.óó€(2002)€104€Cal.App.4th€1011,€1017„1048€[detriment€mustÐ ° Ðoutweigh€the€benefit€of€permanence€from€adoption].)ÌÌà  àIn€determining€whether€the€exception€to€apply,€the€courtððs€consideration€is€notÏlimited€to€ð ð€ððwhether€the€child€was€raised€by€a€sibling€in€the€same€home€[and]€[ðð]Ïwhether€the€child€shared€significant€common€experience€òòoróó€has€existing€close€and€strongÐ °  Ðbonds€with€a€sibling€[òòandóó]€whether€ongoing€contact€is€in€the€childððs€best€interests,Ð °  Ðincluding€the€childððs€long„term€emotional€interest,€as€compared€to€the€benefit€of€legalÏpermanence€through€adoption.ðð€€(ðð€366.26,€subd.€(c)(1)(E),€italic€added.)ðð€€A€strong€bondÏwithout€shared€experience€is€enough.€€(òòIn€re€Valerie€A.óó€(2007)€152€Ô#†XW@X‹Šã ™ò#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@ÔCal.App.4thÔ#†XW@X‹Šã Ñö#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô€987,Ð °  ÐÔ#†XW@X‹Šã ÷#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô1008.)Ð °  ÐÌà  àMinor€being€adopted€by€grandparent€is€sufficient€reason€for€rejecting€theÏexception.€€(òòIn€re€Salvador€M.óó€(2005)€133€Cal.App.4th€1415,€1422.)Ð ° ÐÌà  àMinor€in€adoptive€home€is€reason€enough€for€rejecting€the€exception.€€(òòIn€reÐ ° ÐDaniel€H.óó€(2002)€99€Cal.App.4th804,€813;€òòIn€re€Megan€S.óó€(2002)€104€Ô‡ŠrÔ‹‹Šã ÔCal.App.4thÔ#†Šã ‹‹ŠrÔ&ù#Ô€247,Ð ° Ð251„254€€[third,€whether€adoption€would€interfere€with€the€sibling€relationship];€òòIn€reÐ ° ÐErik€P.€óó(2002)€104€Cal.App.4th€395,€401,€403.)Ð ° Ðà  àIt€is€proper€to€reject€the€exception€when€removing€the€minor€from€siblings€andÏplacing€him€with€a€Ô_++ÔnonrelativeÔ_++Ô€caretaker€will€lead€to€his€adoption.€€(òòIn€re€Carl€R.óó€(2005)Ð ° Ð128€Cal.App.4th€1051,€Ô#†XW@X‹Šã z÷#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô1068„1071.)Ð ° ÐÌà  àEvidence€of€the€siblingððs€closeness€to€the€minor€was€relevant€to€whether€the€minorÏhad€a€close€relationship€with€the€sibling.€€So€was€evidence€of€the€minorððs€relationshipÏwith€the€extended€family.€€(òòIn€re€Naomi€P.óó€(2005)€132€Cal.App.4th€808,€822„824Ð ° Ð[finding€there€was€substantial€evidence€to€support€the€sibling€exception].)ÌÌà  àStanding:€Parent€has€standing€to€contest€the€sibling€exception.€€(òòIn€re€Valerie€A.óóÐ °! Ð(2007)€152€Ô#†XW@X‹Šã kû#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@ÔCal.App.4thÔ#†XW@X‹Šã Åý#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô€987,€999;€òòIn€re€Erik€P.€óó(2002)€104€Cal.App.4th€395,€402;€Ô‡ŠrÔ‹‹Šã ÔòòIn€reÐ °" ÐL.€Y.€L.óó€(2002)€101€Cal.App.4th942,Ô#†Šã ‹‹ŠrÔqþ#Ô951;€accord,€òòIn€re€Jacob€S.óó€(2002)€104€Cal.App.4thÐ °# Ð1011,€1016.)ÌÌà  àStandard€of€review:€Substantial€evidence€test.€€(Ô‡ŠrÔ‹‹Šã ÔòòIn€re€L.€Y.€L.óó€(2002)€101Ð °&"" ÐCal.App.4th€942,€951;€Ô#†Šã ‹‹ŠrÔÿ#ÔòòIn€re€Jacob€S.óó€(2002)€104€Cal.App.4th€1011,€Ô‡ŠrÔ‹‹Šã Ô1017.)Ô#†Šã ‹‹ŠrÔN#ÔÐ °'## ÐÌà  àWaiver:€Parent€waives€(c)(1)(E)€exception€when€it€was€not€raised€in€the€juvenileÏcourt.€€(òòIn€re€Daisy€D.óó€(2006)€144€Ô#†XW@X‹Šã þ#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@ÔCal.App.4thÔ#†XW@X‹Šã V#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô€287,€Ô#†XW@X‹Šã £#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô291„292;€òòIn€re€Erik€P.€óó(2002)€104Ð °*&& ÐCal.App.4th€395,€402„403.)Ð °+'' ЇñIñÔ% ‡4 ÔñIñÔ_++ÔMISCELLANEOUSñIñÔ%†4{ÔñIñ:Ô_++ÔÌà  àUnder€Ô#†XW@X‹Šã ë#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@ÔsubdivisionÔ#†XW@X‹Šã  #ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô€(c)(1)(B),€a€minor€over€12€vetoing€adoption,€the€minor€did€notÐ ° Ðunequivocally€object€to€adoption€when€said€did€not€wish€to€be€adopted€if€would€result€inÏnever€seeing€the€parents€again.€€(òòIn€re€Christopher€L.óó€(2006)€143€Ô#†XW@X‹Šã Y#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@ÔCal.App.4thÔ#†XW@X‹Šã #ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô€1326,Ð ° Ð1334.)€€The€court€should€not€follow€the€minorððs€objection€if€it€would€not€be€in€theÏminorððs€best€interests.€€(òòIn€re€Christopher€L.óó€(2006)€143€Ô#†XW@X‹Šã Ý#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@ÔCal.App.4thÔ#†XW@X‹Šã Ô#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô€1326,Ô#†XW@X‹Šã !#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô€1336.)Ð °  ÐÌà  àUnder€Ô#†XW@X‹Šã i#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@ÔsubdivisionÔ#†XW@X‹Šã Ú#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô€(c)(1)(D),€the€court€need€not€terminate€parental€rights€if€thereÐ °  Ðare€exceptional€circumstances€to€permit€a€caretaker€grandparent€to€assume€guardianship.€ÏExceptional€circumstances€does€not€include€a€preference€for€guardianship€or€a€familyÏantipathy€to€termination€of€parental€rights.€€(òòIn€re€Rachel€M.óó€(2003)€113€Cal.App.4thÐ °  Ð1289,€1298;€òòIn€re€Jose€V.óó€(1996)€50€Cal.App.4th€1792,€1800„1801;€see€also€òòIn€reÐ °  ÐFernando€M.óó€(2006)€138€Cal.App.4th€529,€Ô#†XW@X‹Šã '#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô535„538€[exception€applied€whenÐ °  Ðgrandparents€were€willing€to€adopt€only€after€CPS€threatened€to€remove€the€minors€ifÏthey€did€not].)Ô#†XW@X‹Šã u #ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô€€But€the€exception€does€not€apply€when€the€grandparent€is€willing€toÐ ° Ðadopt.€(òòIn€re€Zachary€G.óó€(1999)€77€Cal.App.4th€799,€810.)Ð ° ÐÌà  àBest€interests€of€the€minor€exception€no€longer€exists.€€(òòIn€re€Jose€G.óó€(2003)106Ð ° ÐÔ‡ŠrÔ‹‹Šã ÔCal.App.4thÔ#†Šã ‹‹ŠrÔ– #Ô€725,734;€òòIn€re€Jaime€R.óó€(2001)€90€Cal.App.4th€766,€774;€òòIn€re€Jose€V.óóÐ ° Ð(1996)€50€Cal.App.4th€1792;€but€see€òòIn€re€Jessie€G.óó€(1997)€58€Cal.App.4th€1;€òòIn€reÐ ° ÐTabatha€G.óó€(1996)€45€Cal.App.4th€1159,€1164€[ð ðconsideration€of€the€childððs€bestÐ ° Ðinterests€is€inherent€in€the€legislative€procedure€for€selecting€and€implementing€aÏpermanent€planðð].)€€ð ðNo€separate,€general€best€interests€exception€to€adoption€existsÏunder€section€366.26.€€[Citation.]€€However,€as€this€court€has€stated,€ððconsideration€of€theÏchildððs€best€interests€is€inherently€in€the€legislative€process€for€selection€andÏimplementing€a€permanent€plan.ðð€€(òòIn€re€Tabatha€G.óó€(1996)€45€Ô#†XW@X‹Šã O #ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@ÔCal.App.4thÔ#†XW@X‹Šã ö#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô€1159,Ð ° Ð1165.)ðð€€€(òòIn€re€Christopher€L.óó€(2006)€143€Ô#†XW@X‹Šã C#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@ÔCal.App.4thÔ#†XW@X‹Šã Ô#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô€1326,Ô#†XW@X‹Šã !#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô€1336.)Ð ° ÐÌà  àThe€juvenile€court€cannot€reverse€its€decision€to€terminate€parental€rights.€€Ô#†XW@X‹Šã i#ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô(Ô_++ÔWelfÔ_++Ô.Ð °  Ð&€Inst.€Code,€ððÔ#†XW@X‹Šã "#ÔÔ‡X†XXXW@ÔÔ‡ŠrÔ‹XX†Ô€366.26,€subd.€(i)(1);€òòIn€re€Ô_++ÔZethÔ_++Ô€S.€óó(2003)€31€Cal.4th€396,€407,€fn.€4;Ð °! ÐòòAmber€R.€v.€Superior€Court€óó(2006)€139€Cal.App.4th€897,€900„902€[a€parent€does€notÐ °" Ðhave€standing€under€ðð€366.3,€subds.€(e)(2)€&€(f)(3)€to€file€a€ðð€388€petition];€òòIn€re€DavidÐ °# ÐH.óó€(1995)€33€Cal.App.4th368,€385;€Ô#†Šã ‹‹ŠrÔ±#ÔòòIn€re€Ronald€V.óó€(1993)€13€Cal.App.4th€1803,€1806;Ð °$  ÐÔ#†XW@X‹Šã Ð#ÔòòÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@ÔIn€re€Isaac€J.óó€(1992)€4€Cal.4th€525,€531;€but€see€òòMarriage€of€Jacksonóó€(2006)€136Ð °%!! ÐCal.App.4th€980,€989€[collateral€attack€on€order€terminating€parental€rights€by€familyÏcourt€is€permissible€when€the€order€was€void].)Ô#†XW@X‹Šã #ÔÔ‡Šã ‹XXW@Ô€€With€an€order€terminating€parentalÐ °'## Ðrights,€ð ðthe€parents€were€parents€no€longer.€€As€a€result€of€the€order€terminating€parentalÏrights,€the€court€permanently€terminated€all€parental€rights€and€obligations€of€the€child€toÏthe€parent.ðð€€(òòFrazier€v.€Ô_++ÔVelkuraÔ_++Ôóó€(2001)€91€Cal.App.4th€942,€946.)€€An€order€terminatingÐ °*&& Ðparental€rights€ð ðrepresents€the€total€and€irrevocable€severance€of€the€bond€between€theÐ °+'' Ðparent€and€child.ðð€€(òòCounty€of€Ventura€v.€Gonzalesóó€(2001)€88€Cal.App.4th€1120,€1123.)€Ð ° ÐThe€court€cannot€order€visitation€for€an€alleged€father€after€terminated€parental€rights.€Ï(òòIn€re€Jarred€H.óó€(2004)€121€Cal.App.4th€793,€Ô#†XW@X‹ŠCã÷#ÔÔ‡ŠCã‹XXW@Ô796„799;€see€also€òòIn€re€Jacob€E.óó€(2004)Ð ° Ð121€Cal.App.4th€909,€Ô#†XW@X‹ŠCã5#ÔÔ‡ŠCã‹XXW@Ô924„925€[mother€could€not€participate€in€dependency€proceedingsÐ ° Ðor€receive€visitation€after€termination€of€parental€rights].)ñ?ñ€€The€courñ?ññ@ññ?ñ€ñ?ññ@ññAñt€cannot€permit€theÏbñAññBññAñviñAññBññCñiological€parent€to€adopt€or€be€declared€a€presumed€parent.€€(ñCññDñòòIn€re€Cody€B.óó€(2007)€153Ð °  ÐÔ#†XW@X‹ŠCãÎ#ÔÔ‡ŠCã‹XXW@ÔCal.App.4thÔ#†XW@X‹ŠCã#ÔÔ‡ŠCã‹XXW@Ô€1004,€1009Ô_++Ô„1013ñDññEññDñ;€ñDññEññFñ.)ñFññDñòòóóÔ#†XW@X‹ŠCãÌ#ÔÔ‡ŠCã‹XXW@ÔñDññ@ññ?ñcñ?ññ@ñÔ_++ÔÐ °  ÐÌà  àCannot€terminate€parental€rights€without€adoption€being€the€long„term€plan.€€(òòIn€reÐ °  ÐAmelia€S.óó€(1991)€229€Cal.App.3d1060.)Ð °  ÐÌà  àMust€have€proper€notice€under€Welfare€and€Institutions€Code€section€366.23.€€(òòInÐ °  Ðre€Marissa€T.óó€(1998)€62€Cal.App.4th€1320€[notice€to€attorney€insufficient€if€CPS€knowsÐ °  Ðwhere€parent€is];€òòIn€re€Anna€M.óó€(1997)€54€Cal.App.4th€463;€but€see€òòIn€re€J.€I.€óó(2003)€108Ð °  ÐCal.App.4th€903,€908,€910€[need€not€give€new€notice€when€hearing€ððcontinuedðð€for€sixÏmonths€for€trial€adoption].)ÌÌà  àRights€at€hearing€described€in€Welfare€and€Institutions€Code€section€355€andÏCalifornia€Rules€of€Court,€rule€1450€do€not€apply€at€permanency€plan€hearings;€only€dueÏprocess€requirements€apply.€€(òòIn€re€Jeanette€V.óó€(1998)€68€Cal.App.4th€811,€816.)Ð ° ÐÌà  àMust€have€assessment€of€prospective€guardian€before€ordering€legal€guardianship.€Ï(òòIn€re€Lisa€D.óó€(1990)€227€Cal.App.3d€613,€614„616.)€€A€parent€retains€due€process€rightsÐ ° Ðin€the€proceeding€to€appoint€a€guardian.€€(òòÔ‡Š²¤‹‹ŠCãÔTracy€A.€v.€Superior€Court€(Pauline€I.)óó€(2004)Ð ° Ð117€Cal.App.4th€1309,€Ô#†ŠCã‹‹Š²¤#ÔÔ#†XW@X‹ŠCã&#ÔÔ‡ŠCã‹XXW@Ô1317„1318.)€€The€guardian€cannot€be€from€out€of€state.€€(òòIn€reÐ ° ÐÔ_++ÔK.D.Ô_++Ôóó€(2004)€124€Cal.App.4th€1013,€1018.)Ð ° ÐÌà  àGrandparent€still€has€visitation€rights€after€termination€of€parental€rights€(at€leastÏuntil€the€minor€is€actually€adopted).€€(òòFrazier€v.€Venturaóó€(2001)€91€Cal.App.4th€942,Ð °  Ð947.)Ìà  àCan€order€visitation€after€adoption€to€non„relative.€€(òòIn€re€Ô_++ÔHireniaÔ_++Ô€C.óó€(1993)18Ð °" ÐCal.App.4th504,518€[lesbian€former€partner].)ÌÌà  àNeed€not€bifurcate€periodic€review€hearing€(to€terminate€legal€guardianship)€andÏpermanent€plan€hearing.€€(òòBarbara€A.€v.€Superior€Court€óó(2005)€129€Cal.App.4th€1408,Ð °&"" ÐÔ#†XW@X‹ŠCãÝ#ÔÔ‡ŠCã‹XXW@Ô1418€[can€terminate€dependency€guardianship€with€a€ðð€388€petition€and€terminateÐ °'## Ðparental€rights€at€the€same€hearing];€òòÔ‡Š²¤‹‹ŠCãÔIn€re€Merrick€V.óó€(2004)€122€Cal.App.4th€235,€Ô#†ŠCã‹‹Š²¤ò"#ÔÔ#†XW@X‹ŠCãC"#ÔÔ‡ŠCã‹XXW@Ô253„Ð °($$ Ð254€[Probate€guardianship€can€be€terminated€at€the€detention€hearing];€òòIn€re€Carrie€W.óóÐ °)%% Ð(2003)€110€Cal.App.4th€746,€754,€757„758€[probate€guardianship€can€be€terminatedÏwithout€jurisdictional€hearing;€cannot€place€ward€of€guardian€in€long„term€foster€care];Ð °+'' ÐòòIn€re€Andrea€R.óó€(1999)€75€Cal.App.4th€1093;€òòIn€re€Nino€P.€óó(1994)26€Cal.App.4th615;Ð ° Ðsee€òòSan€Diego€County€Dept.€of€Social€Services€v.€Superior€Courtóó€(1996)13€Cal.4th882.)Ð ° ÐÔ#†XW@X‹ŠCã%"#ÔÔ‡ŠCã‹XXW@Ôà  àA€Probate€Code€guardian€has€more€rights€than€a€guardianship€established€underÐ ° Ðthe€Ô#†XW@X‹ŠCãï##ÔÔ‡ŠCã‹XXW@ÔWelfare€and€Institutions€Code.€€(òòBarbara€A.€v.€Superior€Court€óó(2005)€129Ð ° ÐCal.App.4th€1408,€1420„1421€[a€dependency€guardian€is€not€entitled€to€reunificationÏservices,€only€a€probate€guardian€is];€òòÔ‡Š²¤‹‹ŠCãÔIn€re€Merrick€V.óó€(2004)€122€Cal.App.4th€235,€Ô#†ŠCã‹‹Š²¤£%#ÔÔ#†XW@X‹ŠCã£$#ÔÔ‡ŠCã‹XXW@Ô249„Ð ° Ð250;€see€òòIn€re€Carrie€W.óó€(2003)€110€Cal.App.4th746,€758.)Ô#†XW@X‹ŠCã8&#ÔÔ‡ŠCã‹XXW@Ô€€A€guardianship€underÐ ° ÐProbate€Code€1601€cannot€be€terminated€unless€it€is€in€the€minorððs€best€interest;€theÏparents€cannot€just€end€the€guardianship€when€ready.€€(Ô‡Š²¤‹‹ŠCãÔòòGuardianship€of€Ô_++ÔL.V.Ô_++Ô€óó(2006)€136Ð °  ÐCal.App.4th€481,€Ô#†ŠCã‹‹Š²¤­'#ÔÔ#†XW@X‹ŠCãÓ&#ÔÔ‡ŠCã‹XXW@Ô488.)Ð °  Ðà  àWhen€there€is€a€petition€to€terminate€guardianship,€the€court€can€(1)€deny€theÏpetition,€(2)€deny€the€petition€and€request€that€services€be€provided,€or€(3)€grant€theÏpetition.€€(òòIn€re€Jessica€C.óó€(2007)€151€Ô#†XW@X‹ŠCã}(#ÔÔ‡ŠCã‹XXW@ÔCal.App.4thÔ#†XW@X‹ŠCãº)#ÔÔ‡ŠCã‹XXW@Ô€474€[the€court€abused€its€discretion€inÐ °  Ðterminating€guardianship€when€it€failed€to€consider€if€services€could€have€remedied€theÏproblem].)€€When€terminate€guardianship,€the€court€must€consider€placing€the€minor€withÏthe€parents€under€family€maintenance€unless€it€is€shown€they€are€unfit.€€(òòIn€re€CatherineÐ °  ÐH.óó€(2002)€102€Cal.App.4th€1284,€1288,€1290,€1292.)Ð ° ÐÔ#†XW@X‹ŠCã*#ÔÔ‡ŠCã‹XXW@ÔÌà  àð ðThe€Legislature€determined€that€in€limited€circumstances€the€goal€of€providingÏstable€homes€to€children€may€be€fostered€by€allowing€relatives€of€the€child€who€are€theÏprospective€adoptive€parent€or€parents,€the€birth€relatives€(including€the€birth€parent€orÏparents),€and€the€child€to€enter€into€an€agreement€providing€for€visitation,€future€contact,Ïand/or€sharing€of€information.€€Such€an€agreement€is€known€as€a€kinship€adoptionÏagreement.ðð€€(òòIn€re€Kimberly€S.óó€(1999)€71€Cal.App.4th€405,€409.)Ð ° ÐÌà  àð ðThe€Legislature€has€established€three€methods€for€adopting€an€unmarried€minor:Ï(1)€an€agency€adoption€([Fam.€Code,]€ðð€8700€et€seq.);€(2)€an€independent€adoptionÏ(ðð8800€et€seq.);€and€(3)€a€stepparent€adoption€(ðð€9000).ðð€€(òòIn€re€Michael€R.€óó(2006)€137Ð ° ÐCal.App.4th€126,€Ô#†XW@X‹ŠCãñ+#ÔÔ‡ŠCã‹XXW@Ô135.)Ð ° ÐÌà  àð ðThe€right€to€adopt€a€child,€and€the€right€of€a€person€to€be€adopted€as€a€child€ofÏanother,€are€wholly€statutory.ðð€€(òòSharon€S.€v.€Superior€Courtóó€(2003)€31€Cal.4th417,424„Ð °! Ð425.)ÌÌà  àð ð[Ô_++ÔS]trictÔ_++Ô€and€literal€adherence€to€the€letter€and€formðð€of€adoption€statutes€is€notÏrequired.€€(òòSharon€S€v.€Superior€Courtóó€(2003)€31€Cal.4th€417,€433„434;€òòIn€re€JohnsonóóÐ °%!! Ð(1893)€98€Cal.€531,€539;€accord,€òòAdoption€of€Baby€Girl€B.óó€(1999)€74€Ô‡Š²¤‹‹ŠCãÔCal.App.4thÔ#†ŠCã‹‹Š²¤ó1#ÔÐ °&"" Ð43,54.)ÌÌà  àRelinquishment€requires€knowing€and€intelligent€waiver€of€parental€rights.€€(òòIn€reÐ °)%% ÐBridget€R.óó€(1996)€41€Cal.App.4th€1483,€1506;€see€òòTeresa€J.€v.€Superior€Courtóó€(2002)Ð °*&& Ð102€Cal.App.4th€366,€375„376€[parent€can€relinquish€under€Family€Code€section€8700€aÐ °+'' Ðminor€in€the€dependency€system€unless€the€juvenile€court€finds€it€would€not€be€in€theÏminorððs€best€interest]Ô#†XW@X‹ŠCã”/#ÔÔ‡ŠCã‹XXW@Ô;€òòAdoption€of€Baby€Boy€D.óó€(2001)€83€Cal.App.4th€1,€10;but€see€òòÔ#†XW@X‹ŠCãA4#ÔÔ‡ŠCã‹XXW@Ôid.óóÐ ° Ðat€p.Ô#†XW@X‹ŠCãË4#ÔÔ‡ŠCã‹XXW@Ô€13€[substantial€compliance€with€the€waiver€form€sufficient€to€show€knowing€andÐ ° Ðintelligible€waiver€even€though€CPS€rejected€the€relinquishment];€Ô#†XW@X‹ŠCã-5#ÔÔ‡ŠCã‹XXW@ÔòòTyler€v.€Ô_++ÔChildrensÔ_++ÔððÐ ° ÐHome€Societyóó€(1994)€29€Cal.App.4th€511,€529€[parent€must€show€would€not€haveÐ ° Ðrelinquished€if€properly€advised]òòóó.)€€ð ð[Ô_++ÔO]neÔ_++Ô€parent€may€not€place€a€child€for€adoptionÐ °  Ðwithout€the€other€parentððs€consent€unless€the€other€parentððs€has€been€terminated€or€someÏother€exception€to€the€consent€requirement€appliedðð€under€Family€Code€section€8604,ÏÔ#†XW@X‹ŠCã6#ÔÔ‡ŠCã‹XXW@ÔsubdivisionÔ#†XW@X‹ŠCãR8#ÔÔ‡ŠCã‹XXW@Ô€(a)€or€8605.€€(òòIn€re€Michael€R.€óó(2006)€137€Cal.App.4th€126,€Ô#†XW@X‹ŠCãŸ8#ÔÔ‡ŠCã‹XXW@Ô142.)Ð °  ÐÌà  àAbandonment€under€Family€Code€section€7822€has€three€elements:€(1)€the€childÏmust€be€ð ðleftðð€by€a€parent€in€the€care€and€custody€of€another€for€a€period€of€six€months,Ï(2)€the€child€must€be€left€without€provision€for€support€or€without€communication€fromÏthe€parent,€and€the€parent€must€have€acted€with€the€intent€to€abandon€the€child.€€(òòIn€reÐ °  ÐJacklyn€F.óó€(2003)€114€Cal.App.4th€747,€755„756€[ð ðleavingðð€the€minor€by€court€orderÐ ° Ðwas€not€a€voluntary€abandonment];€òòIn€re€Michael€R.€óó(2006)€137€Cal.App.4th€126,€Ô#†XW@X‹ŠCã$9#ÔÔ‡ŠCã‹XXW@Ô143„Ð ° Ð144€[it€concerns€the€intent€to€abandon€ð ðin€general,€not€an€intent€to€abandon€to€a€specificÏperson€or€couple,ðð€but€there€is€no€abandonment€when€the€parent€gave€up€custodyÏpursuant€to€a€court€order];€òòIn€re€Brittany€H.€óó(1988)€198€Cal.App.3d€533,€548€[the€statuteÐ ° Ðconcerns€intent€to€abandon€in€general,€not€intent€to€leave€the€minor€with€a€particularÏperson];€òòIn€re€Ô_++ÔCattaliniÔ_++Ôóó€(1946)€72€Ô‡Š²¤‹‹ŠCãÔÔ#†Xæ#X‹Š²¤Æ;#ÔÔ‡Š²¤‹XXæ#ÔCal.App.2dÔ#†ŠCã‹‹Š²¤Â=#ÔÔ#†XW@X‹ŠCã>#ÔÔ‡ŠCã‹XXW@Ô€662,€665€[there€is€no€intent€to€abandonÐ ° Ðwhen€the€child€is€placed€with€another€under€a€court€order];€but€see€òòIn€re€Jack€H.óó€(1980)Ð ° Ð106€Ô‡Š²¤‹‹ŠCãÔÔ#†Xæ#X‹Š²¤s>#ÔÔ‡Š²¤‹XXæ#ÔCal.App.3dÔ#†ŠCã‹‹Š²¤F?#ÔÔ#†XW@X‹ŠCãˆ?#ÔÔ‡ŠCã‹XXW@Ô€257,€264€[inaction€by€parent€after€placement€pursuant€to€court€order€canÐ ° Ðconstitute€abandonment];€òòIn€re€Ô_++ÔJacquilineÔ_++Ô€H.óó€(1979)€94€Ô‡Š²¤‹‹ŠCãÔÔ#†Xæ#X‹Š²¤÷?#ÔÔ‡Š²¤‹XXæ#ÔCal.App.3dÔ#†ŠCã‹‹Š²¤Ñ@#ÔÔ#†XW@X‹ŠCãA#ÔÔ‡ŠCã‹XXW@Ô€808,€816€[same];€òòInÐ ° Ðre€Morrowóó€(1970)€9€Ô‡Š²¤‹‹ŠCãÔÔ#†Xæ#X‹Š²¤‚A#ÔÔ‡Š²¤‹XXæ#ÔCal.App.3dÔ#†ŠCã‹‹Š²¤ãA#ÔÔ#†XW@X‹ŠCã%B#ÔÔ‡ŠCã‹XXW@Ô€39,€52;€òòIn€re€Ô_++ÔConrichÔ_++Ôóó€(1963)€221€Ô‡Š²¤‹‹ŠCãÔÔ#†Xæ#X‹Š²¤”B#ÔÔ‡Š²¤‹XXæ#ÔCal.App.2dÔ#†ŠCã‹‹Š²¤ûB#ÔÔ#†XW@X‹ŠCã=C#ÔÔ‡ŠCã‹XXW@Ô€662,€666„Ð ° Ð667;€òòIn€re€Bartonóó€(1959)€168€Ô‡Š²¤‹‹ŠCãÔÔ#†Xæ#X‹Š²¤¬C#ÔÔ‡Š²¤‹XXæ#ÔCal.App.2dÔ#†ŠCã‹‹Š²¤ D#ÔÔ#†XW@X‹ŠCãOD#ÔÔ‡ŠCã‹XXW@Ô€584,€588;€òòIn€re€Maxwellóó€(1953)€117Ð ° ÐÔ‡Š²¤‹‹ŠCãÔÔ#†Xæ#X‹Š²¤¾D#ÔÔ‡Š²¤‹XXæ#ÔCal.App.2dÔ#†ŠCã‹‹Š²¤E#ÔÔ#†XW@X‹ŠCã]E#ÔÔ‡ŠCã‹XXW@Ô€156,€162„165;€but€see€òòIn€re€Amy€A.óó€(2005)€132€Cal.App.4th€63,€69„72Ð ° Ð[abandonment€when€custody€was€ordered€to€the€mother€and€the€father€failed€to€pay€childÏsupport].)ÌÌà  àFamily€Code€section€7825€concerning€termination€of€parental€rights€for€someoneÏconvicted€of€a€felony€permits€it€only€if€the€felony€makes€the€parent€unfit.€€(òòIn€re€BabyÐ °# ÐGirl€M.óó€(2006)€135€Cal.App.4th€1528,€1542.)Ð °$  ÐÌà  àIndependent€adoptions€under€Family€Code€section€8800€et€seq.€requires€(1)€thatÏthe€person€adopting€is€ten€years€older€than€the€child,€(2)€that€all€the€parties€whose€consentÏis€required€do€consent€fully€and€freely€to€the€adoption€contract,€and€(3)€that€the€adoptionÏbe€in€the€childððs€best€interest.€€(òòSharon€S€v.€Superior€Courtóó€(2003)€31€Cal.4th€417,€428Ð °)%% Ð[p.€432„433:€California€permits€adoption€by€unmarried€parents,€even€if€they€are€of€theÏsame€gender];€òòEstate€of€Sharon€óó(1918)179€Cal.€447,€454.)€€Ð °+'' Їà  àEquitable€adoption€for€intestate€succession€under€Probate€Code€section€6455Ïwhen€a€parent€intended€to€adopt€a€foster€child€or€step„child.€€(òòEstate€of€Fordóó€(2004)€32Ð ° ÐCal.4th€160;€Ô#†XW@X‹ŠCãÌE#ÔÔ‡ŠCã‹XXW@ÔòòEstate€of€Baueróó€(1980)€111€Cal.App.3d€554,€559„560;€òòEstate€v.€WilsonóóÐ ° Ð(1980)€111€Cal.App.3d€242;€òòEstate€v.€Ô_++ÔRivoloÔ_++Ôóó€(1961)€194€Cal.App.2d€773,€777„778;€seeÐ ° ÐòòEstate€of€Ô_++ÔRadovichÔ_++Ôóó€(1957)€48€Cal.2d€116,€130€(dis.€opn.€of€Ô_++ÔSchauerÔ_++Ô,€J.)Ð ° ÐÌà  àStanding:€Statute€requires€notice€to€grandparent€if€parent€did€not€appear€at€hearingÏsetting€permanent€plan€hearing.€€Parent€has€standing€to€contest€lack€of€such€notice€toÏgrandparent.€€(òòIn€re€Steven€H.óó€(2001)€86€Cal.App.4th€1023,€1031.)Ð °  ÐÌà  àStandard€of€review:€€Review€the€(c)(1)(B)€exception€for€substantial€evidence.€€(òòInÐ °  Ðre€Christopher€L.óó€(2006)€143€Ô#†XW@X‹ŠCãðJ#ÔÔ‡ŠCã‹XXW@ÔCal.App.4thÔ#†XW@X‹ŠCãsN#ÔÔ‡ŠCã‹XXW@Ô€1326,Ô#†XW@X‹ŠCãÀN#ÔÔ‡ŠCã‹XXW@Ô€1333.)Ð °  ÐÌà  àRemedy:€Denial€of€contested€section€388€hearing€at€permanent€plan€hearingÏrequires€reversal€of€the€permanent€plan€order€as€well.€€(òòIn€re€Clifton€V.óó€(2001)€93Ð ° ÐCal.App.4th€1400,€1406.)ÌÌÔ#†XW@X‹ŠCãO#Ô