WPC ?S?e)u:?[=$4&&] V/2 VZSg@xf?/*Wuy. 4aS3ѮqI.YJЇ&Ͷkr^yfBz׈?y6 Zf4k%@BDonQ$V[Xd?O.cIg7JS M㕰>ߖ;haM+DF(Cυĥgzf;i3>n<7VJj/cM7hwkW [8t@ś#jC>a02<{O@斳0}jd_PK%XtjKՙAOPTOF* 37йJ10Jʷs1%!ͧJ[ήsC䵅4Ω7c<#!HUNi % 0(U'N^ 3w@?4 m N    M3 0 N7 01 0= 0 0> 0 0 0w 0 :+ 0ae 0 0z 09. 0g 02C 0u 0q 0_ 0 U 0k_ 0 B* D3 C D+ 03 0 06 0 0: 0hY 0FU6U>=U*{ HP LaserJet 4,,,,0(hH  Z6Times New Roman RegularX($xhH  Z6Times New Roman Regularc08 E  E    w w w wb7sis3|x UDETRIMENT:DETENTIONREMOVALPLACEMENTVISITATION(O$0.Normal<:Definition T<GD:Definition L , ;1` hp x (#;  8.` hp x (#886Definition('z&H1      XXX(o&H2  XXX(o&H3  XXX42Emphasis(&H4 XXX XXX(o&H5  XXX(o&H6  XXX20Address8SP6Blockquote , , ;1` hp x (#;   8.` hp x (#8,*CITE,dl*CODEK3<6X9`(Courier NewKXXXS4\  `&Times New RomanS6&)4Hyperlink            <:FollowedHype    4go2Keyboard K3<6X9`(Courier NewK XXXS4\  `&Times New RomanS<:Preformatted/%  ,Kk (#/K3<6X9`(Courier NewKXXXS4\  `&Times New RomanS/%  ,Kk (#/<:zBottom of I)*4$ ** ddI  B    ?5%2A`Arial?9+**  dd9  XXXS4\  `&Times New RomanS  &0 d d(((('dxddd'dxd<:zTop of ForI)*4$** ddI  B    ?5%2A`Arial?9+**  dd9  XXXS4\  `&Times New RomanS  0Kl.SampleK3<6X9`(Courier NewKS4\  `&Times New RomanS0.Strong 8dl6TypewriterK3<6X9`(Courier NewKXXXS4\  `&Times New RomanS42Variable:8HTML MarkupB      2 0CommentB  <6X9`(Courier New\  `&Times New Roman%2A`Arial7050-67 REMOVALPLACEMENTVISITATIONDETRIMENT !  _CXX   8XXdd8REMOVAL   MDetentionHearing 48 O  5   RemovalOrder 6O  7     49 O  5   Placement#XXC+#CXX 6O  7 l    4: O  5   Visitation 6O  7      4; O  5   DependentReviewHearing 6O  7 &    %  DETENTION%ԀHEARING:  Detentionhearingssummarized.(InrePhoenixB.(1990)218Cal.App.3d787.)     #XXC1#CXXNormally, claimsoftheparentsinthisregardforinterferencewiththerightof   familyassociationisanalyzedundertheFourteenthAmendment.(Wallisv.Spencer   (9thCir.2000)202F.3d1126,#XXC\#CXX1137,fn.8.)But [_b]ecause_Ԁonlythechildrenwere   subjecttoseizure,theirclaimsshouldproperlybeassessedundertheFourthAmendment.#XXCŜ#CXX(Ibid.)#XXCŨ#CXXԀThesamelegalstandardapplies.#XXC#CXX(Ibid.)#XXC]#CXXԀ Officialsmayremovea  childfromthecustodyof[the]parentwithoutpriorjudicialauthorizationonlyiftheinformationtheypossessatthetimeoftheseizureissuchastoprovidereasonablecausetobelievethatthechildisinimminentdangerofseriousbodilyinjuryandthatthescopeoftheintrusionisreasonablynecessarytoavertthatspecificinjury.#XXCŬ#CXX(Id.,atp.#XXC{ #CXXԀ1138.)   TheFourthAmendmentguaranteesthatparentswillnotbeseparatedfromtheirchildrenwithoutdueprocessoflawexceptinemergencies.(_Mabe_Ԁv.SanBernardino  Co.(9thCir.2001)237F.3d1101,1107.)#XXC #CXXԀ    Further,the Constitutionassuresparentsthat,intheabsenceofparentalconsent,[medicalexaminations]oftheirchildmaynotbeundertakenforinvestigativepurposesatthebehestofstateofficialsunlessajudicialofficerhasdetermined,uponnoticetotheparents,andanopportunitytobeheard,thatgroundsforsuchanexaminationexistandthattheadministrationoftheprocedureisreasonableunderallthecircumstances.(Wallis,supra,202F.3datp.1141,internalquotationmarksomitted.)Therearetwo   exceptionstotherequirementofreceivingpriorjudicialorparentalconsent:(1) areasonableconcernthatmaterialphysicalevidencemightdissipateor(2) thatsomeurgentmedicalproblemexistsrequiringimmediateattention.#XXC; #CXX(Ibid.)#XXC#CXXԀ #   Thechildhasageneticbondwithitsnaturalparentsthat% 6 %6isuniqueamongallrelationshipsthechildwillhavethroughoutitslife.Theintangiblefibersthatconnect &"" parentandchildhaveinfinitevariety.Theyarewoventhroughoutthefabricofoursociety,providingitwithstrength,beauty,andflexibility.'(Adoptionof_Kelsey_ԀS. ($$ (1992)1Cal.4th816,848,quoting_Lehr_Ԁv.Robertson(1983)463U.S.248,256.) )%%   Appealability:Detentionhearingisnotappealable.(InreRichardD.(1972)23 +'' Cal.App.3d592,595;seeInreCandidaS.(1992)7Cal.App.4th1240,12481249.)#XXC#CXX  _  Failuretofilepetitionwithin48hoursdidnotcompelreleasingthechildfrompredetentioncustody.(L.A.Co._DCS_Ԁv.SuperiorCourt(JorgeN.)(1988)200  Cal.App.3d505,508509)TheholdingoftheminorwithoutpriorjudicialapprovalislegallyauthorizediftheDepartmentfilesadependencypetitionwithin48hours.#XXCť#CXX(_Welf_.   &Inst.Code,#XXCŜ#CXXԀ313;Jenkinsv.CountyofOrange(1989)212Cal.App.3d278,285.)     The_UCCJA_Ԁpermitsemergencyjurisdictionincasesinvolvingcustodymattersacrossstateornationalborders.(#XXC+#CXXInreStephanieM.(1994)7Cal.4th295,310311;#XXCg#ԚCXXInre   C.T.(2002)100Cal.App.4th101,109112.) Oneofthereasonsthe_UCCJA_Ԁwas   revisedandtheActenactedwastoclarifywhenacourtcouldtakeemergencyjurisdictionoverachild.TheActmadeclearthatemergencyjurisdictioncouldbeexercisedtoprotectachildonlyonatemporarybasisuntilthecourtwithappropriatejurisdictionissuedapermanentorder.#XXC#ԚCXX(InreC.T.(2002)100Cal.App.4th101,112;  #XXC#CXXFam.Code,#XXCx#CXXԀ3424,subd.(c).)EmergenciesundertheActgenerallyinvolvesexualor  physicalabuse.#XXC#ԚCXX(#XXC{#CXXInreStephanieM.(1994)7Cal.4th295,303,310311;#XXCž#CXXԀInreC.T.  (2002)100Cal.App.4th101,109;InreNadaR.(2001)89Cal.App.4th1166,1174.)  Thefindingofanemergencyistobemadeonlyafteranevidentiaryhearing,althoughthejuvenilecourtcandetainthechildbeforethathearing.#XXC<#CXX(#XXCū#CXXInreC.T.(2002)100  Cal.App.4th101,#XXC#CXXԀ107,108,fn.3.)Thejurisdictionalhearingdoesnotqualifyasthe  hearingauthorizedbytheAct.#XXCp#CXX(Id.atpp.#XXC-#CXXԀ108109.)  #XXCŀ#CXX%  REMOVAL% ԀORDER:  Thereisnonationalconsensusonhowtoraiseahealthy'adult,andajuvenile  courtshouldexaminethequestionofparentalcustodyfromthechild'sviewpoint.8 @ [Citation.]Oftentheharmcreatedbyremovingachildfromitsparentsmaybemoreseriousthantheharmwhichthestateinterventionseekstoprevent(Wald,  State  InterventiononBehalfof"Neglected"Children:ASearchforRealisticStandards!(199  ݀(1975)   27_Stan.L.Rev_.985,994;hereaftercitedas  ASearchforRealisticStandards"(199  )becausethe ! courtslacktheabilitytoinsurethattheplacementissuperiortothechild'sownhome.[Footnote.]Moreover,childreninfostercareexperiencetheanxietyofidentityproblemsandconflictingloyaltiescausedbyhavingthreesetsofadultswithastakeincaringforthem.(Thefosterparents,thenaturalparents,andthesocialworkers.)(  ASearchfor %!! RealisticStandards$(199  ݀atp.995.)Thechildrenmayalsobeharmedbyviewingthe &"" placementaspunishmentforsomeunknownthingtheyhavedonewrong.Thecourtshouldrecognizethat"'[the]consensusofexpertopinionholdsthatitismostimportanttoavoidmultipleplacementsforchildrenbetweensixmonthsandthreeyearsofage.Eachadditionalplacementmayretardthedevelopmentandmayimpairtheirabilitytoformlastingattachments.'"(  InreDavidB.,supra&(199  ,91Cal.App.3datp.196;citingWald, +''   StateInterventiononBehalfof"Neglected"Children:StandardsforRemovalof  ChildrenFromTheirHomes,MonitoringtheStatusofChildreninFosterCare,andTerminationofParentalRightsh'(199  ݀(1976)28_Stan.L.Rev_.625,695.)(InreJamieM.  (1982)134Cal.App.3d530,541.)  [_O]ut_Ԅofhomeplacementisnotpropermeansofhedgingagainstthepossibilityoffailedreunificationefforts,orofsecuringparentalcooperationwiththoseefforts.(InreHenryV.(2004)119Cal.App.4th522,525.)     Thegoverningstatute,section361,#XXC#CXXsubdivision#XXCŕ*#CXXԀ(c),isclearandspecific:Even   thoughchildrenmaybedependentsofthejuvenilecourt,theyshallnotberemovedfromthehomeinwhichtheyareresidingatthetimeofthepetitionunlessthereisclearandconvincingevidenceofasubstantialdangertothechildsphysicalhealth,safety,protection,orphysicaloremotionalwellbeingandtherearenoreasonablemeansbywhichthechildcanbeprotectedwithoutremoval.(InreJasmineG.(2000)82  Cal.App.4th282,288.) Evenwhenonesoseriouslyviolatesparentalresponsibilities,however,thestrongcountervailinginterestsuniquetothestatusofparentsmuststillbeconsidered.Amerefindingofparentalabusedoesnotseverthelegalandfamilialbondbetweenparentandchild.TheJuvenileCourtLawrestrictsjudicialpowertoremoveachildfromthecareandsocietyofevenanabusiveorabusetolerantparent.(319,subd.(d),360,361,subd.[(c)].)(Inre_Kieshia_ԀE.(1993)6Cal.4th68,7677.)Amere  riskofemotionalwellbeingwasinsufficientforremoval.(Inre_Isayah_ԀC.(2004)118  Cal.App.4th684,#XXC*#CXX698699.)Thisstatuteappliesonlyatthedispositionalhearing.Inre  JavierG.(2006)137Cal.App.4th453,#XXC,0#CXX460461[canremovetheminorunder387at  subsequenthearingsimplyto rehabilitatethechild].)  Jointphysicalcustodyexistswhere eachoftheparents...havesignificantperiodsofphysicalcustody.(Fam.Code,3004.)Butforcertainexceptions,jointphysicalcustodymustbe sharedbytheparentsinsuchawaysoastoassureachildoffrequentandcontinuingcontactwithbothparents.(Ibid.)Courts look[]attheexisting ! defactoarrangementsbetweenthepartiestodecidewhetherphysicalcustodyistrulyjointorwhetheroneparenthassolephysicalcustodywithvisitationrightsaccordedtheotherparent.(InreMarriageof_Biallas_(1998)65Cal.App.4th755,759760[oneday $  perweekandalternateweekendsconstituteliberalvisitationonly];InreMarriageof %!! _Whealon_(1997)Cal.App.4th132,142[onedayperweekandalternateweekends &"" constituteliberalvisitationonly];InreMarriageof_Lasich_(2002)99Cal.App.4th702 '## [seethechildfivetimesperweek].)  Aparentsrighttocare,custodyandmanagementofachildisafundamentallibertyinterestprotectedbythefederalConstitutionthatwillnotbedisturbedexceptin +'' extremecaseswhereaparentactsinamannerincompatiblewithparenthood.[Citations.](InreMarquisD.(1995)38Cal.App.4th1813,1828.)[_F]reedom_Ԁof  personalchoiceinmattersoffamilylifeisafundamentallibertyinterestprotectedbytheFourteenthAmendment.[Citations.](_Santosky_Ԁv.Kramer(1982)455U.S.475,753.)  Thus,theconstitutionalrightofparentstomakedecisionsregardingtheirchildrensupbringingprecludesthestatefrominterveningintheabsenceofclearandconvincingevidenceofaneedtoprotectthechildfromsevereneglectorphysicalabuse.#XXC0#CXX(Id.atpp.#XXC9#CXX   769770;MarquisD.,supra,38Cal.App.4thatpp.18281829.)(Inre_Isayah_ԀC.(2004)   118Cal.App.4th684,696.)#XXC6:#CXX  The righttofamilyassociationincludestherightofparentstomakeimportant   medicaldecisionsfortheirchildren,andoftochildrentohavethosedecisionsmadebytheirparentsratherthanthestateiftheparentsarefittomakethedecisions.(Wallisv.   Spencer(9thCir.2000)202F.3d1126,#XXCC;#CXX1141.)     [A]cardinalruleofoursocietythatthecustody,care,andnurtureofachildresidesfirstintheparentsratherthaninapublicagency... [_T]he_Ԁrelationshipof...naturalparents...[and]...childrenisavitalhumanrelationshipwhichhasfarreachingimplicationsforthegrowthanddevelopmentofthechild.[Citation.]...[_T]he_involuntaryterminationofthatrelationshipbystateactionmustbeviewedasadrasticremedywhichshouldberesortedtoonlyintheextremecasesofneglectorabandonment.[Citations.][Citations.](InreJoannaY.(1992)8Cal.App.4th433,  438.)#XXC<#CXX    Thecourtcannot removethechild,andthenplacethechildintheparentshome;correctprocedureistonotremovethechildandofferfamilymaintenanceservices.(InreSavannahB.(2000)81Cal.App.4th158;Inre_Andres_ԀG.(1998)64  Cal.App.4th476;Inre_Damonte_ԀA.(1997)57Cal.App.4th894.)    Therewasnoremovalwhenkeepminorinthesamehousebutexcludeoneoftheparents.(InreN.S.(2002)97Cal.App.4th167,172&fn.5.) !   Therewasnoremovalwhennotplacewith_noncustodial_Ԁparent.Decidenottoplacewith_noncustodial_Ԁparentmerelyifitwouldbedetrimental;thereisnoneedtofindthenoncustodialparentunfit.(InreLukeM.(2003)107Cal.App.4th1412,#XXC0@#CXX14221423.) %!! Thecourtmustdeterminewhethertoplacethechildwiththenoncustodialparentundersection3651.2.(R.S.v.#XXCCD#CXXSuperiorCourt#XXCE#CXXԀ(2007)154#XXCjE#CXXCal.App.4th#XXCŻE#CXXԀ1262,_12701271.)_ '##   DueprocessrequiresCPSgivenoticeofspecificfactsforallegingreasonsforremoval.(InreRogerH.(1991)228Cal.App.3d1174,1181;InreJeremyC.(1980) *&& 109Cal.App.3d384,397.) +'' _9ԇ   Beforeremovalcanbemade,thecourtmustconsiderlessdrasticmeasures.(Inre  JamesT.(1987)190Cal.App.3d58,65;seeInrePaulE.(1995)39Cal.App.4th996,  1004.)  CPSmustmakereasonableeffortsbeforethedispositionalhearingtoavoidremovalorjustifywhyeffortswerenotmade.(InreBasilioT.(1992)4Cal.App.4th   155,171172;InreMichaelS.(1987)188Cal.App.3d1448,1458;InreJeannetteS.   (1979)94Cal.App.3d52,60.)  Itisnotnecessaryforthechildtosufferharmbeforeremovalsolongasthechildisatriskofsufferingharm.(InreB.G.(1974)11Cal.App.3d679,699;InreJamieM.   (1982)134Cal.App.3d530,536#XXCF#CXX.)     Withevidencemothercannotprotectthechild,canremovechildfrommotherbecausefatherabusedahalfsibling.(InreAaronS.(1991)228Cal.App.3d202,211;In  reSteveW.(1990)217Cal.App.3d10,2123;seeInreP.A.(2006)144#XXCJ#CXXCal.App.4th#XXC`L#CXX  1339,1347[courtcanremovethesonsafterparentmolestedthedaughter]#XXCŭL#CXX.)    Becauseweabhortheinvoluntaryseparationofparentandchild,wroteJusticeBaxterinInreKieshiaE.(1993)6Cal.4th67,76,thestatemaydisturbanexisting  parentchildrelationshiponlyforstrongreasonsandsubjecttocarefulprocedures.Notsurprisinglythen,Californialawthattherearenoalternativebeforeachildmayberemovedfromthehomeofhisherparent.(InreJasmineG.(2000)82Cal.App.4th  282,284.)  Ifanincarceratedparentcanmakesuitablearrangementsforachildscareduringhisorherincarceration,thejuvenilecourtha[s]nobasistotakejurisdictioninth[e]case,and[thesocialservicesagency]simplyha[s]nosayinthematter.[Citations.](In  reIsayahC.(2004)118Cal.App.4th684,#XXCMM#CXX696.)     Spankingandharshwordsnotsufficientevidenceforremoval.(InreJasmineG. " (2000)82Cal.App.4th282,290293;InreJoelH.(1993)19Cal.App.4th1185.) #   Insufficientevidenceforremovalfromasingleincidentofphysicalabuse.(Inre $  HenryV.(2004)119Cal.App.4th522,529.)#XXCQ#CXX %!!   Insufficientevidenceforremovalfromgrandparentswhentheminorsawtheparentwithoutauthorizationatafuneral.(CInreH.G.(2006)146#CS##XXCR#CXXCal.App.4thC#XX8T#XXԀ1,#CbT##XXCŤT#CXX1314.) '##   Insufficientevidenceforremovingfromcaretakerswhenthefamilydogbitthechildandthecaretakerswerewillingtogetridofthedog;thecourtfailedtoconsidertheminorsbestinterests.(InreM.V.(2006)146#XXC U#CXXCal.App.4th#XXC]V#CXXԀ1048,#XXCŪV#CXX10591062.) *&& Ѐ +''   Suspecteddruguserefutedbycleanurinetest,andparentbeinglateonedaypickingupminorfromdaycarewasinsufficientgroundsforremoval.(KimberlyR.v.  SuperiorCourt(2002)96Cal.App.4th1067,1079.)    Thattheparentisunemployeddoesnotmakehimunfit. Wecannotseparateparentsandtheirchildrenmerelybecausetheyarepoor.(DavidB.v.SuperiorCourt   (2004)123Cal.App.4th768,#XXCV#CXX792.)   #XXCfY#CXX  Notgettingalongwiththesocialworkerisnotgroundsforremoval.(Inre   JasmineG.(2000)82Cal.App.4th282,290293;InrePaulE.(1995)39Cal.App.4th   996,10031005.)  Thecourtcannotremoveminorbecausesocialworkerdisagreeswithparentsdesiretoreturntonativewartorncountry.(NahidH.v.SuperiorCourt(1997)53   Cal.App.4th1051,10701072.)  Injuriestothechild,unsafehome,andnonconstructivebehaviorofparentsjustifiedremoval.(InreRichardH.(1991)234Cal.App.3d1351.)      Removalrequiresclearandconvincingevidence.(InreMarquisD.(1995)36  Cal.App.4th1813,18271829;InreJamesF.(1987)190Cal.App.3d58,65;Inre  BernadetteC.(1982)127Cal.App.3d618;seeInreKieshiaE.(1993)6Cal.4th68,76.)    Burdenofproof:Clearandconvincingevidenceisa highprobability, requiringthattheevidencebesoclearastoleavenosubstantialdoubt;sufficientlystrongtocommandtheunhesitatingassentofeveryreasonablemind.(InreAngeliaP.  (1981)28Cal.3d908,919.)  Standardofreview:Althoughremovalrequiresclearandconvincingevidenceinthejuvenilecourt;theorderwillbeupheldonappealifthereissubstantialevidence.(In  reCaseyD.(1999)70Cal.App.4th38,5253;InreKristinH.(1996)46Cal.App.4th   1635,1654;InreAmosL.(1981)124Cal.App.3d1031,1038.) !   Waiver:Submittingtothedispositionalrecommendationswaivestheissue.(Inre # RichardK.(1994)25Cal.App.4th580,589590.) $  #XXCY#CXX%  PLACEMENT%a:  Thestatutegoverningthe temporaryplacementofthechildpendingthedetentionhearingis#XXCśa#CXXWelfareandInstitutionsCodesection#XXCwb#CXXԀ309#XXCb#CXX.(InreMiguelE.(2004)120 ($$ #XXC$c#CXXCal.App.4th#XXCşc#CXXԀ521,541542.)Thestandardisdifferentthanforplacementatthe )%% dispositionalhearing,andthereisnotarequirementforabackgroundcheck.(Inre *&& SabrinaH.(2007)149Cal.App.4th1403,#XXCc#CXXԀ14141416.|) +'' Ї  Under#XXCe#CXXWelfareandInstitutionsCodesection#XXCŕe#CXXԀ361.2,#XXCe#CXXsubdivision#XXCFf#CXXԀ(b),placement  (andsometimescustody)meanswheretheminorisduringthedependency(InreAustin  P.(2004)118Cal.App.4th1124,1131&fn.2),evenifthereisnodetrimentandthe  minoris placedwiththenonoffendingparent#XXCœf#CXX(id.,atpp.#XXCh#CXXԀ1133,fn.4,1134).    Under#XXC[h#CXXWelfareandInstitutionsCodesection#XXCh#CXXԀ361.2,#XXC?i#CXXsubdivision#XXCʼni#CXXԀ(a),custody  includesplacingtheminorwiththenonoffendingparentanddismissingthedependency.(InreAustinP.(2004)118Cal.App.4th1124,1130,1132.)     Undersection361.2,subdivision(a)(2),whenthecourtremovesthechildfromtheoffendingparent,itmustplacewiththenoncustodialparentseekingcustodyunlessitwouldbedetrimentaltothechild.(InreJohnM.(2006)141#XXCi#CXXCal.App.4th#XXCk#CXXԀ1564,1571   [minorsneedforservicesandlackofcloserelationshipwithdad,lackofinformationaboutdad,didnotshowdetrimentinplacinghimwithdadwhowasthenonoffendingparent];InreCatherineH.(2002)102Cal.App.4th1284,1288,1290,1292[when   removefromguardian];RobertL.v.SuperiorCourt(1996)45Cal.App.4th619,626629  [parentmustseekplacementtoqualify];InreMarquisD.(1995)38Cal.App.4th1813,  18211825[mustfindclearandconvincingevidencethatrequestingnoncustodialparentisnotfit];InreErikaW.(1994)28Cal.App.4th470,475;TaraS.v.SuperiorCourt  (1993)13Cal.App.4th1834,18371838[OKtosendchildtoMinnesotawhiledenyingcontestedhearing];InreKatrinaC.(1988)201Cal.App.3d540,550;seeInreLukeM.  (2003)107Cal.App.4th1412,#XXC1l#CXX14221426[detrimentincludeslossofseeingsibling,thus  canchoosenottoplacewithnoncustodialparenttomaintainsiblingbond];#XXCAp#CXXid.atp.#XXC!q#CXX  14221423[decidenottoplacewithnoncustodialparentmerelyifitwouldbedetrimental;thereisnoneedtofindthenoncustodialparentunfit].)#XXCoq#CXX    Section361.3,concerningrelativeplacement,doesnotapplyatorafterthesection366.26hearing.(InreLaurenR.(2007)148#XXCZr#CXXCal.App.4th#XXCFs#CXXԀ841,854855.)    NeednotcomplywiththeInterstateCompactforthePlacementofChildren(ICPC)[FamC7900etseq.]whenplacingthechildwithaparentlivingoutofCalifornia.(InreEmmannuelR.(2001)94Cal.App.4th452,455,458;InreJohnnyS. " (1995)40Cal.App.4th969,979;TaraS.v.SuperiorCourt(1993)13Cal.App.4th1834, # 18371838;seeInreLukeL.(1996)44Cal.App.4th670,682[contingentplacement $  orders]#XXCœs#CXX;butseeInreJohnM.(2006)141#XXCu#CXXCal.App.4th#XXCfv#CXXԀ1564,#XXCųv#CXX15721575[courtcoulduse %!! theICPCstudytodeterminewhethertoplacewiththeotherparent,thoughafavorableevaluationisnotnecessary]#XXCv#CXX.)Whentheminorisplacedoutsideofthecountry,theminor '## isnoteligibletoreceiveAFDC.(InreJoshuaS.(2007)41#XXCw#CXXCal.4th#XXCŸx#CXXԀ261,277278.) ($$   Theprovisioninsection361.2concerningplacementoutofcountyapplieswhentheminorisplacedinanothercountry.(InreSabrinaH.(2007)149Cal.App.4th1403,#XXCy#CXX +'' 14181419.)  ThecourtdoesnothavetheauthoritytoplaceaminorinthehomearelativewithacriminalrecordunlessCPSgrantsawaiver.(InreS.W.(2005)131Cal.App.4th838,  847851.)  Baronplacingchildreninhomewheresomeonewithacriminalrecordlivesdoesnotapplytoplacementorreturnoftheminortotheparent.(DavidB.v.SuperiorCourt   (2004)123Cal.App.4th768,#XXC z#CXX797.)     ThecourtandCPShaveanobligationtoconsiderfamilyplacement.Requestforplacementwiththegrandparentsrequiredaninvestigationoftheappropriatenessofplacementwiththem.#XXCJ|#CXX(Welf.&Inst.Code,#XXCm}#CXXԀ361.3;InreRobertL.(1993)21   Cal.App.4th1057,1068;InreRogerH.(1991)228Cal.App.3d1174,1185;seealsoIn   reAndreaG.(1990)221Cal.App.3d547.)Butthestatutedoesnotcreateanevidentiary   presumptionthatrelativeplacementisintheminorsbestinterest.(InreStephanieM.  (1994)7#XXC}#CXXCal.4th#XXCŨ#CXXԀ295,320.)#XXC#CXX    [R]egardlessoftherelativeplacementpreference,thefundamentaldutyofthecourtistoassurethebestinterestsofthechild,whosebondwithafosterparentmayrequirethattheplacementwitharelativeberejected.(InreStephanieM.(1994)7  #XXC>#CXXCal.4th#XXC#CXXԀ295,321.)    Thereisnorighttopreferentialtreatmentoffamilymembersforplacementwhenreunificationservicesarenolongerprovided.(InreSarahS.(1996)43Cal.App.4th  274,285;butseeCesarV.v.SuperiorCourt(2001)91Cal.App.4th1023,1032  [subsequentamendmentstoWelfareandInstitutionsCodesection361.3makeclearthepreferencecontinuesaftertheterminationofreunificationservices].)  ThereisnotsubstantialevidencethatplacementfailswhenCPSwithdrawsapprovalofthefosterparents.(InreManuelE.(2004)120Cal.App.4th521,#XXC #CXX547.) !   Anallegationinapetitionorevidencesimplythattherewasapriorallegationofunfitnessisnotsubstantialevidencewithoutevidencetheallegationwassubstantiated.(InreManuelE.(2004)120Cal.App.4th521,#XXC#CXX547.) $    ThecourtmaymakegeneralplacementordersanddelegatetoCPSdiscretionastowheretoactuallyplacethechild.Whenthecourtmakesageneralplacementorder,CPSmaychangeplacementwithoutpriorcourtapproval.(InreCynthiaC.(1997)58 ($$ Cal.App.4th1479,14891491;InreRobertA.(1992)4Cal.App.4th175,189190.) )%% #XXC3#CXX  Courtmustgivereasonsfornotplacingsiblingstogether.(AbrahamL.v. +'' SuperiorCourt(2003)1112Cal.App.4th9,1314.)    SiblingsrightsunderWelfareandInstitutionsCodesections362.1and16002limitedtothosedefinedbystatute.Itmeansonewithacommonparentanddoesnotincludeafostersibling.(InreTanyannW.(2002)97Cal.App.4th675,679.)    Unlessthisprovisioniswaivedbythecounty,section361.4prohibitsplacementofthechildwithanonlicensedfosterparentifthechildwouldhaveaccesstoanyonewithacriminalconviction,exceptaminortrafficoffense.(LosAngelesCountyDCFSv.   SuperiorCourt(2001)87Cal.App.4th1161,1168.)Thecourtcannotplaceaminorwith   relativeswithoutfirsteveryoneinthehouseholdpassingabackgroundcheck.(Los   AngelesCountyDept.ofChildren&FamilyServicesv.SuperiorCourt(SencereP.)   (2005)126Cal.App.4th144,152.)Butthecourtneednotremoveaminorfromacaretakerwhoisconvictedofafelonywhilecaringfortheminor.(LosAngelesCounty   Dept.ofChildrenandFamilyServicesv.SuperiorCourt(CherylM.)(2003)112   Cal.App.4th509,519520.)Thestatutedoesnotlimitchoosingaguardianatthedispositionalhearingbecausethisisnotconsideredtobeaplacement.(InreSummerH.  (2006)139#XXC#CXXCal.App.4th#XXCŌ#CXXԀ1315,132851334.)Thisstatuteapplieswhenthecourtplaces  theminorinaforeigncountry.(InreSabrinaH.(2007)149Cal.App.4th1403,#XXCَ#CXXԀ1418.)    Thereisnodueprocesslibertyrighttocontestbeinglistedinchildabusedatabasethuspreventingplacementwiththeperson.(#XXCď#CXXMillerv.Cal.Dept.ofSocialServices(9th  Cir2004)355F.3d1172,#XXCű#CXX1178.)    Whenconsideringtheminorsplacement,theprimaryconsiderationindetermininghisbestinterestsisstabilityandcontinuity.(InreAngelB.(2002)97  Cal.App.4th454,464;#XXCS#CXXCInreP.L.(2005)134Cal.App.4th1357,#C##XXCŌ#CXXԀ1362[caretakers  equivocationaboutadoptionwassufficientreasonforremovalfromthepersonshome];InreAaronR.(2005)130Cal.App.4th697,#XXC=#CXX706[itwasnotintheminorsbestinterestto  moveplacementtoarelativewithwhomtheminorlivedforthreemonths];seeCInre  H.G.(2006)146#C##XXC4#CXXCal.App.4thC#XX}#XXԀ1,#C##XXC#CXX1415#XXCR#CXX.)     Caretakershaverighttopresentevidenceatsection366.26hearingwhethertobecomeprospectiveadoptiveparents.(WayneF.v.#XXCş#CXXSuperiorCourt#XXCŊ#CXXԀ(2006)145 # #XXCڗ#CXXCal.App.4th#XXC?#CXXԀ1331,1336.) $  #XXCŌ#CXX  CPS,notthecourt,decideswheretoplaceachildafterterminateparentalrights &"" unlessCPSabuseditsdiscretion.(InreHarryN.(2001)93Cal.App.4th1378,1397 '## 1398;LosAngelesCountyDepartmentofChildrenandFamilyServicesv.Superior ($$ Court(1998)62Cal.App.4th1,910;DepartmentofSocialServicesv.SuperiorCourt )%% (1997)58Cal.App.4th721,724725;#XXC#CXXid.atp.#XXC#CXXԀ734[thecourtonlydeterminesifCPS *&& actionwaspatentlyabsurdorunquestionablynotintheminorsbestinterests];Inre +'' SarahS.(1996)43Cal.App.4th274,284;TheodoreD.(1997)58Cal.App.4th721[but  361.5,subd.(e)hadsincebeenamended];#XXCc#CXXFresnoCountyDept.ofChildren&Family  Servicesv.SuperiorCourt(2004)122Cal.App.4th626,#XXC#CXX650[CPSabuseddiscretionto  placewithIndianfamilyafterterminationofparentalrightswhentherewasnochangeofcircumstancesforremovingtheminorsandthemovewouldsplitthesiblings];Inre  JacobE.(2004)121Cal.App.4th909,#XXCŭ#CXX923[CPSnotabusediscretioninremovingminor   fromgrandparentsafterterminationofparentalrightsbecausetheyliedtosocialworkerandresentedCPSshelp];InreHannaS.(2004)118Cal.App.4th1087,1092[CPSdid   notabusediscretioninplacingminorwithrelativeswhohadacriminalrecord];seeInre   ShirleyK.(2006)140#XXC#CXXCal.App.4th#XXC#CXXԀ65,7273[inreviewingwhetherCPSabusedits   discretion,thecourtshallconsiderthebestinterestsoftheminor]#XXC7#CXX.)     Section366.26,#XXC#CXXsubdivision#XXC~#CXXԀ(k),specifyingpreferenceforrelativesforplacement   ataroundthetimeofthesection366.26hearing,appliestoCPS,notthecourt.(Inre   LaurenR.(2007)148#XXCˢ#CXXCal.App.4th#XXC#CXXԀ841,#XXC.#CXX856,859.)    Thereisnothinglegallyimproperwithplacingachildinafostadopthome.(Inre  StevenA.(1993)15Cal.App.4th754,764.)    CPSmustshowitwasappropriatetoremovalfromarelativeonlybythepreponderanceoftheevidence.(CInreA.O.(2004)120Cal.App.4th1054,#C##XXCv#CXX1061[need  notfilesupplementalpetitiontoremovefromrelativeafterterminateparentalrights].)  ThecourtcanplacetheminorinMexico.(InreSabrinaH.(2007)149  Cal.App.4th1403,#XXCx#CXXԀ1413.)    Standing:Grandparenthadstandingtocontestfailuretoplacewiththematthedispositionalhearingorreviewhearingunder#XXCŲ#CXXWelfareandInstitutionsCodesection#XXCŜ#CXX  361.3(CesarV.v.SuperiorCourt(2001)91Cal.App.4th1023,#XXC#CXX10341035.)     Relativehasstandingtoappealthelackofplacementatthedispositional(anddependentreview)hearingunder#XXCŞ#CXXWelfareandInstitutionsCodesection#XXC|#CXXԀ361.3andatthe " permanentplanhearingundersection366.26,#XXC#CXXsubdivision#XXCx#CXXԀ(k).(InreAaronR.(2005) # 130Cal.App.4th697,#XXCū#CXX702705.) $    Grandparentsdonothavestandingtoappealremovalofminorfromtheirhomeuponthefilingofa387petitionwhentheywerenotdeclareddefactoparents.(Inre &"" ManuelE.(2004)120Cal.App.4th521,#XXCT#CXX539.) '##   Defactoparentdidnothavestandingtoappealtheremovalofminorfromhisorherhome.(CInreP.L.(2005)134Cal.App.4th1357,#CL##XXCŪ#CXXԀ13611362.) )%%   Standing:Grandparentdoesnothavestandingtoappealtheplacementofthe +'' minoratthesection366.26hearingduringwhichthecourtterminatedparentalrights.(InreHarmonB.(2005)125Cal.App.4th831,#XXCޮ#CXX838.)  #XXC9#CXX  Standing:Arguably,theparentdoesnothavestandingtocontestonappealthe  failuretoplacetheminoraccordingtorelativeplacementrules,eveniftherelativeisnotaparty.(SeeCesarV.v.SuperiorCourt(2001)91Cal.App.4th1023,1035[parentcan   briefsupportforrelativesposition].)Buttheparentdidhavestandingtocontesttheremovaloftheminorfromthegrandparentstoanonrelativebecausetheminorwasplacedinamorerestrictiveplacementundersection361.3,#XXCŖ#CXXsubdivision#XXC#CXXԀ(a)(2).(CInre   H.G.(2006)146#C{##XXCN#CXXCal.App.4thC#XX #XXԀ1,#C7##XXCy#CXX910.)   #XXC#CXX  Standing:Parentdidnothavestandingtochangeofplacementafterterminationofparentalrights.(InreDevinM.(1997)58Cal.App.4th1538,1541.)     Standing:Caretakershadstandingtoappealdenialofmotionatsection366.26hearingtobedesignatedprospectiveadoptiveparents.(WayneF.v.#XXC?#CXXSuperiorCourt#XXC#CXX  (2006)145#XXC5#CXXCal.App.4th#XXCŚ#CXXԀ1331,#XXC#CXX1341.)    Appealability:Failuretoappealthedispositionalhearingwaivescontestingplacement.(InreCaseyD.(1999)70Cal.App.4th38,5354)    Appealability:Thecourtsdenialofa(potential)caretakerssection388petitionaftertheterminationofparentalrightsisappealable,notwithstandingWelf.&Inst.Code,366.28.(InreDanielC.(2006)141#XXC0#CXXCal.App.4th#XXC2#CXXԀ1438,14431445;InreShirleyK.  (2006)140Cal.App.4th65,71.)  Mootness:Relativesappealforplacementbecomesmootafterterminationofparentalrights.(InreAlbertG.(2003)113Cal.App.4th132,135.)    Waiver:Parentobjectingonlytoremovalwaivescontestingplacementonappeal.(InreDanielB.(1994)24Cal.App.4th1823,1831,1834.) "   Waiver:Failuretoobjecttosplittingsiblingswaivestheissue.(InreAnthonyP. $  (1995)39Cal.App.4th635,641.)  Waiver:Thefailuretofollowtherequirementsofsection361.2concerningplacementoutofcountyiswaivedwithoutanobjection.(InreSabrinaH.(2007)149 ($$ Cal.App.4th1403,#XXC#CXXԀ1418.) )%% #XXC#CXX  Standardofreview:Placementdecisionreviewedforabuseofdiscretion.(In_99re +'' RobertL.(1993)21Cal.App.4th1057,1067;InreStephanieM.(1994)7Cal.4th295,  318;AliciaB.v.SuperiorCourt(2004)116Cal.App.4th856,863[courtdidnotabuse  discretionwhenitconsideredrelatives];CesarV.v.SuperiorCourt(2001)91  Cal.App.4th1023,1033[beforeterminationofparentalrights,thetrialcourtmustindependentlydetermineplacement];LosAngelesCounty_99DCFS_99Ԁv.SuperiorCourt  (1998)62Cal.App.4th1,910[placementdecisionafter_99TPR_99ԀdeterminedbywhetherCPSabuseddiscretion].)  Prejudice:Failuretocomplywiththerequirementsofsection361.2concerningplacementoutofcountyreviewedunder#XXCa#CXXChapmanv.California(1967)386U.S.18.(In   reSabrinaH.(2007)149Cal.App.4th1403,#XXC^#CXXԀ1419.)#XXC#CXX     Remedy:Erroneousgrantofsupplementalpetitionremovingtheminorfromthegrandparentbeforethesection366.26hearingrequiredreversaloftheorderterminatingparentalrightsaswellbecauseplacementwiththerelativecouldaffecttheparentchildbondexception.(CInreH.G.(2006)146#C##XXCb#CXXCal.App.4thC#XX7#XXԀ1,#Ca##XXCţ#CXX19.)  #XXC #CXX%  VISITATION%:    Dueprocessrequiresvisitsasoftenaspossibleunlessthevisitsthemselvesaredetrimentaltothechild.(_99Hoversten_99Ԁv.#XXCh#CXXSuperiorCourt#XXCŒ#CXXԀ(1999)74#XXC#CXXCal.App.4th#XXC2#CXXԀ636,641;  InreDavid.D.(1994)28Cal.App.4th941,953954;InreJenniferG.(1990)221  Cal.App.3d752,757.)  Visitationrightsarisefromtheveryfactofparenthoodandtheconstitutionallyprotectedright tomarry,establishahomeandbringupchildren.[Citation.](Inre  JulieM.(1999)69Cal.App.4th41,49.)    Althoughanoncustodialparenthaslessconstitutionalrightstovisitationinfamilycourtthaninjuvenilecourt,infamilycourt, noncustodialparentswithcourtorderedvisitationrightshavealibertyinterestinthecompanionship,care,custody,andmanagementoftheirchildren.(_99Brittain_99Ԁv.Hansen(9thCir.2006)451F.3d982,992.)     Thecourtcannotcourtordergrandparentvisitsovertheobjectionofafitparent.(_99Troxel_99Ԁv.Granville(2000)530U.S.57,72;MarriageofJames&ClaudineW.(2003) # 114Cal.App.4th68,74[formerstepparentvisitation];_99Zasueta_99Ԁv._99Zasueta_99(2002)102 $  Cal.App.4th1242,1249;_99Ponsly_99Ԁv.Ho(2001)87Cal.App.4th1099,1110;butMarriage %!! ofRoss&Kelley(2003)114Cal.App.4th130,140[courtcanordergrandparent &"" visitationwhenotherparentagreestoit];_99Fenn_99Ԁv.Sheriff(2003)109Cal.App.4th1466 '## [thecourtcandeterminequantityofgrandparentvisitsinactionforstepparentadoptionwhenallsidesagreedtosomevisits];see_99Brekke_99Ԁv.Wills(2005)125Cal.App.4th1400, )%% 1410[parentscanobtainrestrainingordertopreventtheirchildsboyfriendfromseeingher];#XXC#ԚCXXMillerv.Cal.Dept.ofSocialServices(9thCir2004)355F.3d1172,11761177 +'' _99[nodueprocessrighttofamilyorassociationforgrandparentsordefactoparents]#XXCi#CXX;but  seeMarriageofHarris(2004)34Cal.4th210,227[courtcanordergrandparent  visitationovercustodialparentsobjectionwhentheotherparentsupportsit]#XXõ#ԚõXX.)#XXõ #õXX     [A]noncustodialgrandparentofdependentsofthejuvenilecourt#XXõP#õXX...#XXõ#õXXԀhasno  substantivedueprocessrighttofreeassociationwiththeminor,ortomaintainarelationshipwiththem.(InreBrittanyK.(2005)127Cal.App.4th1497,#XXõE#õXX1508;accord,   õGuardianshipofL.V.(2006)136Cal.App.4th481,#õ##XXõI#õXX490[Probateguardianship].)#XXõ&#   X XXXXX   Itiswidelyrecognizedthatchildrenhavestrongemotionaltiestoeventheworst   ofparents.[Citations.]Continuityoftherelationshipsisextremelyimportanttochildren.#õ#õ(Hansenv.DSS(1987)193Cal.App.3d283,292.)#õ#Indeed, theminors   interestintheparentchildrelationshipisatleastasimportantandasworthyofprotectionoftheparentsinterest.(InreJamesR.(2007)1523#XXõ#õXXCal.App.4th#XXõD#õXXԀ413,429.)   õ  Visitationbetweenaparentandchildshouldnotberestrictedunlessitis   detrimentaltothechild.(InreMarkL.(2001)94Cal.App.4th573,581[minorsaying  hefearedfatherbecauseofpastabuseanduncomfortablearoundhimissubstantialevidenceofdetriment];#õ#InreManolitoL.(2001)90Cal.App.4th753,õ759[used  preponderanceoftheevidencestandard];#õ#õInreLukeL.(1996)44Cal.App.4th670,679;  #õ#InreKristinW.(1990)222Cal.App.3d234,256[courtfailedtomakevisitationorder];õ  InreJohnB.(1984)159Cal.App.3d268,276.#õ#)    Visitswithparentincustodyundersection361.5,subdivision(e).(InreDylanT.  (1998)65Cal.App.4th765[denialofvisitationimproperwhenbasedontheminorsagealone];InreJonathanM.(1997)53Cal.App.4th1234,1237,disapprovedonother  groundsinInreZethS.(2003)31Cal.4th396,413414[arbitrarygeographiclimitof50  milesinsufficientreason];InrePreciousJ.(1996)42Cal.App.4th1463,1477;Inre  MonicaC.(1995)31Cal.App.4th296,307;InreBrittanyS.(1993)17Cal.App.4th  1399,1402[denialofvisitationimproperwhenmotherwasincarceratedonly36milesaway];butseeInreJ.N.(2006)138Cal.App.4th450,457459[mustterminatevisitsif ! theywouldbedetrimentaltotheminorifdenyservices;ifthecourtordersservices,itshallordervisitationunlessthereisevidenceofdetriment].)#XXõ#õXX  Visitationisnecessaryforservicestobereasonable.(InreElizabethR.(1995)35 $  Cal.App.4th1774,1791;InreBrittanyS.(1993)17Cal.App.4th1399,1402;Inre % ! DavidD.(1994)28Cal.App.4th941,953[ Duetothecourt'sorderprohibiting &!" visitationbetweenthismotherandherchildren,adequatereunificationserviceswerenotprovided.];InreDinoE.(1992)6Cal.App.4th1768;InreNicholasB.(2001)88 (#$ Cal.App.4th1126,1139[ Itishardtoimaginehowtheproblemsfacedbythisfamilycouldberesolvedwithout...visitation.Toprovidetheminorand/orhistherapistwithavetopoweroverthisessentialreunificationserviceseemstoustoundermineanyhopeof +&' actualreunification.];õԀ#õB#InreKristinW.(1990)222Cal.App.3d234,256[ section362.1  specificallyrequiresavisitationorderwhenreunificationservicesareordered.];butseeõInreMarkL.(2001)94Cal.App.4th573,581[noncustodialparentandafindingof  detriment].)#õJ#ԀDuringreunificationservices, adequatevisitationisanecessaryand  functionalcomponentofthatreunificationeffort.(InreJamesR.(2007)1523  #XXõ#õXXCal.App.4th#XXõ#õXXԀ413,#XXõK#õXX435.)     Visitationisanessentialcomponentofanyreunificationplan.(InreMarkL.   (2001)94Cal.App.4th573,580.)Topromotereunification,visitationmustbeasfrequentaspossible.(InreLukeL.(1996)44Cal.App.4th670,679.)Wheretheminor   isreluctanttovisit,andfamilytherapyisneededtopromotevisitation,suchtherapymaybecriticaltoreunification.(SeeInreNicholasB.(2001)88Cal.App.4th1126,1138;   seealsoInreJulieM.(1999)69Cal.App.4th41,4951.)(InreAlvinR.(2003)108   Cal.App.4th962,972.)  Under#XXõ#õXXPenalCodesection#XXõ#õXXԀ1202.05,amolestercannotbevisitedatprisonbythe  victimunlessadependencycourtapprovesitunder#XXõ#õXXWelfareandInstitutionsCode  section#XXõ#õXXԀ362.6,butunder15CodeCaliforniaRegulationssection3173.1,CDCbansall  nonvictimsfromvisiting.(RobinJ.v.SuperiorCourt(2004)124Cal.App.4th414,424.)  #XXõ0#õXX  Nopersonshallbegrantedphysicalorlegalcustodyof,orunsupervised  visitationwith,achildifthepersonisrequiredtoregisterasasexoffenderunderSection290ofthePenalCodewherethevictimwasaminor;orifthepersonhasbeenconvictedunderSection273a,273d,or647.6ofthePenalCode,unlessthecourtfindsthatthereisnosignificantrisktothechild.(Fam.Code,3030,subd.(a)[concerningchildcustodycases].)Alsosubdivision(b)prohibitsvisitationwitharapistwhoconceivedthechild.Subdivision(c)prohibitsvisitsorcustodywithapersonwhokilledtheotherparent[O.J.Simpsonrule].However,undersubdivision(d),suchapersonmaybeorderedtopaychildsupport.  JuvenilecourtcandelegatetoCPShowtodothevisits,butthecourtgenerallymustdecidehowfrequentlythevisitsoccur.(InreChantalS.(1996)13Cal.4th196,213 ! [exitorderwasadequate];#XXõG#õXXԀInreJulieM.(1999)69Cal.App.4th41,4850[givingminor " vetopowerduringreunificationwasanabuseofdiscretion];InreDonnovanJ.(1997) # 58Cal.App.4th1474,1477[illegalorderwhenexitorderofvisitationatthediscretionofthetherapist]; InreRandalynneG.(2002)97Cal.App.4th1156,1160[whenorder %!! guardianship];InreMoriahT.(1994)23Cal.App.4th1367,1374[orderfor &""  reasonablevisitationacceptable#XXõq#õXX;neednotspecifythefrequencyofvisits];Inre '## ShawnaM.(1993)19Cal.App.4th1686;InreElizabethM.(1991)232Cal.App.3d553, ($$ 570;InreDanielleW.(1989)207Cal.App.3d1227,1237[goodlanguage,badholding: )%% orderproperwhendelegatedallvisitationatthediscretionofthesocialworkerandminor];#XXõ#õXXsee#XXõ#õXXInreNicholasB.(2000)88Cal.App.4th1126,11371139;#XXõ#õXXԀInreJenniferG. +'' (1990)221õCal.App.3d#õ#Ԁ752,755[dictum:therighttovisitationandfrequencyshouldbe  decidedbythecourt;implementationandadministrationproperlydelegatedtoCPS]#XXõe#õXX;but  seeSaraM.v.SuperiorCourt(2005)36Cal.4th998,#XXõ#õXX1018[canconditionvisitationon  theparentnotbeingundertheinfluence];#XXõk#õXXԀInreChristopherH.(1996)50Cal.App.4th  1001,1009[orderfor reasonablevisitationacceptable];InreS.H.(2003)111  Cal.App.4th310,318319[errortopermitminortovetovisitsbutorderneednotspecifythelengthorfrequencyofvisits]#XXõ#õXX.)#XXõ#õXX     Courtcanordervisitationwithdefactoparent.(InreRobinN.(1992)7   Cal.App.4th1140,11451146.)  Thecourtcannotdecreasevisitation(duringreunificationservices)withouta388petition.(InreLanceV.(2001)90Cal.App.4th668,676;InreManolitoL.(2001)90   Cal.App.4th753,759[muststillfinddetriment].)  Thecourtcandecreasevisitstomakeminoradoptable.(InreBrandonC.(1999)  71Cal.App.4th150.1536;InreManolitoL.(2001)90Cal.App.4th753,761[if  continuedvisitationscheduledetrimentalbythepreponderanceofevidence(suchasdividedloyaltyoftheminorrequiringseveringthebond)];#XXõ#õXXInreJulieM.(1999)69  Cal.App.4th41,50[ virtuallyassuredtheerosion(andtermination)ofanymeaningfulrelationship]#XXõ/#õXX;butseeInreValerieA.(2007)152#XXõ#õXXCal.App.4th#XXõ}#õXXԀ987,#XXõ#õXX1007[theerroneous  decreaseofvisitationviolatesdueprocesswhenitdeprivesaparentofpresentingtheparentchildexceptiontoadoption];InreDavidD.(1994)28Cal.App.4th941,953954;  InreJosiahS.(2002)102Cal.App.4th403,120[visitationatperiodicreviewhearingis  asignificantissuewhichcanbedeterminativeatafuturepermanentplanhearing];Inre  HunterS.(2006)142#XXõ#õXXCal.App.4th#XXõC#õXXԀ1497,15041505[lackofvisitationaftertermination  ofserviceswithoutjustificationwaserror];seeInreS.M.(2004)118Cal.App.4th1108,#XXõ#õXX  1122[thoughcannotreducevisitstomakeminoradoptable,canterminatevisitsofminorremovedatbirthwhenterminateservicesiftherewasnorelationshipfromstart]#XXõ|#õXX.)   Ѐ  Thecourtdidnotneedtoordervisitationwhenitorderslegalguardianship.(Inre " S.B.(2004)32Cal.4th1287,1295,overruling#XXõ#õXXԀInreRandalynneG.(2002)97 # Cal.App.4th1156,1163,fn.7;InreJasmineP.(2001)91Cal.App.4th617,621;see $  GuardianshipofZacharyH.(1999)73õCal.App.4th#õx#Ԁ51,61[courthaspowertoregulate %!! visitationduringaguardianship];GuardianshipofKayleeJ.(1997)55õCal.App.4th#õK# &"" 1425,1431[courthaspowertoregulatevisitationduringaguardianship].)Amendedsection366.26,#XXõ#õXXsubdivision#XXõ5#õXXԀ(c)nowrequiresthecourttoconsidervisitation.(InreM.R. ($$ (2005)132Cal.App.4th269,274.)  Thecourtshouldconsidersiblingvisitationwhenterminatingparentalrights.(In +'' reValerieA.(2007)152#XXõ#õXXCal.App.4th#XXõ#õXXԀ987,#XXõ!#õXX1004;InreHectorA.(2005)125Cal.App.4th  783,#XXõi#õXX799;seeInreElizabethM.(1991)232Cal.App.3d553,559560,butthejudgewho  authoredtheopinionnowsayhehaschangedhismindinhisconc.opn.inInreDaniel  H.(2002)99Cal.4th80,814815(conc.opn.ofRamirez,J.).)    WhenavisitbecomesaconditionalplacementunderICPC.(InreEmmanuelR.   (2001)94Cal.App.4th452,463;InreLukeL.(1996)44Cal.App.4th670,682   [contingentplacementorders].)  Policy :TheICPCisintended tofacilitatecooperationbetweenparticipating   statesintheplacementandmonitoringofdependentchildren.(TaraS.v.Superior    Court(1993)13Cal.App.4th1834,1837.)Inadditiontotheparamountconsiderationof   protectingchildren, protectionofthereceivingstateisalsoanimportantpurpose,Thestateshaveagreedthattheirpublicofficers(andalsoprivateindividualsandagencies)placingchildrenfromorintotheirterritoryarerequiredtofollowtheproceduresofICPC.Thisisintendedasprotectionagainstreceivingstateshavingchildren dumpeduponthem.Whenchildrenareplacedwithoutpriorpreparation,orwheninterstateplacementsgoawry,thereceivingstateusuallybecomesresponsibleforrescuingthechildandisthereafterusuallysaddledwiththeburdenoffindingsuitablecareandnurturingandpayingforit.(InreEmmanuelR.(2001)94Cal.App.4th452,461.)    Siblingvisitationisimportant  Policy : Childrenarenotcommunitypropertytobedividedequallyforthe  benefitoftheirparents.#XXõ#õXX...#XXõa#õXXԀThechildrenhavenotchosentodivorceeachother.Ata  minimum,thechildrenhavearighttothesocietyandcompanionshipoftheirsiblings.(MarriageofWilliams(2001)88Cal.App.4th808,814.) Thereisa strongpolic[y]in  Californialawin thatthesiblingbondshouldbepreservedwheneverpossible#XXõ#õXX...õԀ.#õ##XXõc#õXXԀ  (MarriageofHeath(2004)124Cal.App.4th444,449.) [M]aintainingsibling  relationships,undertherightcircumstances,isimperativefortheemotionalwellbeingofthe[dependent]childnowandinthefuture.Forchildrenwhowillneverbereturnedtotheirparents,siblingsmaybetheonlytruefamilytheywilleverhave.(InreValerieA. ! (2007)152#XXõ#õXXCal.App.4th#XXõ#õXXԀ987,#XXõ<#õXX1003.) " #XXõ#õXX  Courtactedwithinitsdiscretionterminatingsiblingvisitsuponallegationthatthe # parentswerefollowingthechildrenaftervisitstoobtainthelicenseplatesofthosewhopickedupthedependentchildren.(InreValerieA.(2007)152#XXõ#õXXCal.App.4th#XXõ:#õXXԀ987,#XXõ#õXX1005.) %!! #XXõ#õXX  Mootness:Stipulationtovisitationscheduleatdependentreviewmakesvisitation '## orderatdispositionalhearingmoot.(InreDaniR.(2001)89Cal.App.4th402,406.) ($$   Mootness:Subsequentordersincreasingvisitationmakesappealconcerningvisitsmoot.(InreDylanT.(1998)65Cal.App.4th_99765.) +'' Ї  Standing:Parentdoesnothavestandingtocontestsiblingvisitation.(InreErik  P.(2002)104Cal.App.4th395,405[at_99PPH_99];InreCliftonB.(2000)81Cal.App.4th  415;Inre_99Nachelle_99ԀS.(1996)41Cal.App.4th1557,1561[_99TPR_99];InFrankL.(2000)81  Cal.App.4th700[_99LTFC_99;cantraisebyallegingineffectiveassistanceofminorscounsel];butseeInreJasmineJ.(1996)56Cal.App.4th1143[same];InreJasmineJ.  (1996)46Cal.App.4th1802,18061807.)     Waiver:Parentforfeitstheclaimofinsufficientsiblingvisitation(thusdoominganargumentofthesiblingexceptiontoadoption)whentherewasnotatimelyobjectionbelow.(InreValerieA.(2007)152#XXõ-#õXXCal.App.4th#XXõ#õXXԀ987,#XXõ&#õXX1001.)     Standardofreview:Visitationordersreviewedforabuseofdiscretion.(Inre   StephanieM.(1994)7Cal.4th295,318;InreJamesR.(2007)1523#XXõn#õXXCal.App.4th#XXõ#õXXԀ413,   #XXõ#õXX435[An improperdelegationofjudicialpowerovervisitationwillnecessarilybefound   toconstituteanabuseofdiscretion.];Inre_99J.N._99Ԁ(2006)138Cal.App.4th450,#XXõ5#õXX459  [visitationforprisoners];InreJasmineD.(2000)78Cal.App.4th1339,13511352;In  reJulieM.(1999)69Cal.App.4th41,48;InreSheilaB.(1993)19Cal.App.4th187,  199;butseeõInreMarkL.(2001)94Cal.App.4th573,581#õ!#[substantialevidencetestfor  denyingvisitation];InreJoannaY.(1992)8Cal.App.4th433,439[substantialevidence  test];InreDavidD.(1994)28Cal.App.4th941,954[same].)  #XXõ` #õXX%  DEPENDENTREVIEWHEARING% @##XXõ!##õXX:    Howdispositionalhearingsoperate.(BridgetA.v.#XXõ##õXXSuperiorCourt#XXõ4$#õXXԀ(2007)148  #XXõ$#õXXCal.App.4th#XXõ$#õXXԀ285,302303.)     Howdependentreviewhearingsoperate.(BridgetA.v. #XXõ6%# õXXSuperiorCourt#XXõ%#õXXԀ(2007)  148#XXõ2&#õXXCal.App.4th#XXõ&#õXXԀ285,#XXõ&#õXX303307.)#XXõ,'# õXX      Howfamilymaintenancehearingsoperate.(BridgetA.v.#XXõ'#õXXSuperiorCourt#XXõ4(#õXXԀ(2007)  148#XXõ(#õXXCal.App.4th#XXõ(#õXXԀ285,#XXõ6)#õXX313316.)         Howdependentreviewhearingsoperate  .   :  (BridgetA.v.   #XXõ~)#  õXXSuperiorCourt#XXõ>*#õXXԀ(2007)  148#XXõ*#õXXCal.App.4th#XXõ*#õXXԀ285,#XXõ@+#   õXX  303307.)   #XXõ+#õXX       #XXõN,#õXX     Thedependencyschemesetsupthree  distinctperiodsandthreecorrespondingdistinctescalatingstandardsfrotheprovisionofreunificationservicestoparentsofchildrenundertheageofthree.Duringthefirstperiod,whichrunsfromroughlythejurisdictionalhearing(355)tothesixmonthreviewhearing(366.21,subd.(3)),[fn.]servicesareaffordedessentiallyasamatterofright(361.5,subd.(a))unlessthetrialcourtmakesoneofaseriesofstatutorilyspecifiedfindingsrelatingtoaparentalmentaldisability,abandonmentofthechild,orotherspecifiedmalfeasance(361.5,subd.(b)).Duringthesecondperiod,whichrunsfromthesixmonthsreviewhearingtothe12monthreviewhearing(366.21,subd.(f)),aheightenedshowingisrequiredtocontinueservices.Solongasreasonableserviceshaveinfactbeenprovided,thejuvenilecourtmustfind;asubstantialprobabilitythatthechildmaybesafelyreturnedtotheparentwithinsixmonthsinordertocontinueservices.(366.21,subd.(e).)Duringthefinalperiod,whichrunsfromthe12month +'' reviewhearingtothe18monthreviewhearing(366.22),servicesareavailableonlyifthejuvenilecourtfindsspecificallythattheparenthasconsistentlyandregularlycontactedandvisitedwiththechild,madesignificantprogressontheproblemsthatledtoremoval,anddemonstratedthecapacityandabilitybothtocompletetheobjectivesofhisorhertreatmentplanandtoprovideforthechildssafety,protection,physical,andemotionalwellbeing,andspecialneeds.(366.21,subd.(g)(1)(A)(C).)Theeffectoftheseshiftingstandardsistomakeservicesduringthesethreeperiodsfirstpresumed,thenpossible,thendisfavored.(_99Tonya_99ԀM.v.#XXõ,#õXXSuperiorCourt#XXõ4#õXXԀ(2007)42   Cal.4th    836,845  .)   ;seealso  (   BridgetA.v.#XXõ4#õXXSuperiorCourt#XXõ5#õXXԀ(2007)148#XXõ 6#õXXCal.App.4th#XXõq6#õXXԀ285,   #XXõ6#õXX303307.)#XXõ7#õXX    #XXõe7#õXX  Detriment=(Anunacceptableriskthat)parentwouldharmtheminor.(Inre   _99Rogrigo_99ԀS.(1990)225Cal.App.3d1179,1185;Inre_99Randalynne_99ԀG.(2002)97   Cal.App.4th1156,1169[ Whatisinthebestinterestsofthechildisessentiallythesameasthatwhichisnotdetrimentaltothechild].) Adetrimentevaluationrequiresthatthecourtweighallrelevantfactorstodetermineifthechildwillsuffernetharm.(Inre  LukeM.(2003)107Cal.App.4th1412,#XXõ7#õXX1425.)Detriment requiresafindingthat  placementawayfromtheparentisessentialtoavertharmtothechild.(InreB.G.  (1974)11Cal.3d679,699#XXõz:#õXX...#XXõ;#õXXԀ)(InreRodrigoS.(1990)225Cal.App.3d1179,1185.)  #XXõ;#õXX  Detrimentdoesnotmeanthesameasunfitness.(InreLukeM.(2003)107  Cal.App.4th1412,#XXõo<#õXX14221423;contraInreDakotaH.(2005)132Cal.App.4th212,  224.)Unfitnessmeansthe#XXõ4=#õXX theparentshavefailed,andarelikelytofailinthefuture,to  maintainanadequaterelationshipwiththechild.(Inre_99Jasmon_99ԀO.(1994)8Cal.4th  398,423.)  Terminatingreunificationservicesandsettingapermanentplanhearing isalwaysadrasticremedywhichshouldbe reluctantlyadopted.(DavidB.v.SuperiorCourt  (2004)123Cal.App.4th768,772.)     Atadependentreviewhearing,considerthemothersorfathersparentingskillsinprovidingtheminorsneedforneedforsecurity,adequatenutritionandshelter,freedomfromviolence,propersanitation,healthcareandeducation.(DavidB.v. $  SuperiorCourt(2004)123Cal.App.4th768,#XXõ=#õXX490.) %!!   Whilefailuretocompletethecaseplanisprimafacieevidencethatreturnduringthereunificationperiodwouldbedetrimental(Welf.&Inst.Code,366.21,subds.(e)&(f),366.22,subd.(a)),evidenceoftheparentsfitnessrebutsthepresumptionofdetriment.(InreHeatherB.(1992)9Cal.App.4th535,562.)   *&&   Motherwasnotrequiredtodemonstrateperfectcomplianceonlysubstantial +'' compliancewiththecaseplan.(JenniferA.v.SuperiorCourt(2004)117Cal.App.4th  1322,#XXõA#õXX13421343[insufficientevidencefailedtocomplywithcaseplanwhenmotherhad  aheatedargumentwithboyfriendandallowedhimaccessonce,afewdirtytestswhentherewere84cleantests].)Usingdrugsandalcoholafewtimesduringreunificationperiodwasnotdetrimentwhentherewasnoevidencethemotherplacedtheminoratrisk.#XXõJD#õXX(Id.,atpp.#XXõE#õXXԀ13431347.)Not allrelapsesarecreatedequal.(RitaL.v.Superior   Court(2005)128Cal.App.4th495,505[usingaTylenolwithcodeineforaheadache   wasnotarelapseseriousenoughtojustifynotreturningtheminor].)  Thecourtcanrefusetoreturnthechildthoughtheparentcompletedthecaseplan.(InreDustinR.(1997)54Cal.App.4th1131,11391140[thoughcompletedcaseplan   andeliminatedtheriskofcontinuedphysicalabuse,motherfailedtounderstandhowtodealwiththeresultingemotionaltraumatotheminor];InreJosephB.(1996)42   Cal.App.4th890,898901[minorsfearafterphysicalabuse];_99Randi_99ԀR.v.SuperiorCourt   (1998)64Cal.App.4th67[same];InreBrittanyS.(1993)17Cal.App.4th1399,1407[It   appearstobeacasewhere[theparent]wasdestinedtoloseherchildnomatterwhatshedid.Wecannotcondonesucharesult.]; Inre_99Venita_99ԀL.(1987)191Cal.App.3d1229,  12381239[theremustexistacontinuationoftheoldproblemornewgroundsjurisdiction]#XXõKF#õXX;seeConstanceK.v.SuperiorCourt(1998)61Cal.App.4th689,706708  [compliancewithcaseplanispertinentbutnotsoleconcerninreturningtheminor]; but  seeBlancaP.v.SuperiorCourt(1996)45Cal.App.4th1738,1751[failureto   internalizecaseplanwasnotsufficientgroundfordetriment].)    What[CPS]wasrequiredtoestablishwasthatreleasing[thechild]to[theparents]custodywouldcreateasubstantialriskofdetrimenttothesafety,protection,orphysicaloremotionalwellbeingofthechild.#XXõK#õXX(Welf.&Inst.Code,#XXõhN#õXXԀ366.22,subd.(a).)  Thatstandard,whilevaguelywordedtobesure,mustbeconstruedasafairlyhighone.Itcannotmeanmerelythattheparentinquestionislessthanideal,didnotbenefitfromreunificationservicesasmuchaswemighthavehoped,orseemslesscapablethananavailablefosterparentorotherfamilymember.[]Wedonotgetidealparentsinthedependencysystem.Butthefactofthematteristhatwedonotgetidealparentsanywhere.EvenOzzieandHarrietwerentreallyOzzieandHarriet.Idealparentsarearare!ifnotimaginary!breed.Someofusgetluckierthanotherswhenitcomestoparents,andmostwhoworkinthissystemareabletolookbackandrealizehowfortunatetheywere.ButtheStateofCaliforniaisnotinthebusinessofevaluatingparentsandredistributingtheiroffspringbaseduponperceivedmerit.[]Theparentswhocomethroughthedependencysystemaremoreindeedofhelpthanmost.Ifwearelucky,theyareparentswhocanlearntoovercometheproblemswhichlandedtheirchildreninthesystem,andwhocoulddemonstratethededicationandabilitytoprovidetotheirchildrensneedsinanappropriatemanner.Theywillnotturnintosuperstars, +'' andtheywillnotwinthelotteryandmoveintoabeachfrontcondotwoblocksfromtheperfectschool.[]Thisisahardfacttoaccept.Wearedealing,afterall,withchildren,andthededicatedpeoplewhoworksohardtohelpthesefamiliesareunderstandablydesirousofprovidingthosechildrenthebestpossiblecircumstancesinwhichtogrowup.Buttherearetimeswhenwehavetotakeastepbackandmakesurethatwearenotlosingsightofourmandate.Wearelookingforpassinggradeshere,notstraightAs.(DavidB.v.SuperiorCourt(2004)123Cal.App.4th768,#XXõN#õXX789790.)     Ifanabsoluteguaranteeofsafetywererequired,wehaveadifficulttimeenvisioningacaseinwhichthecourtcouldproperlyreturnachildtoparentalcustody.Eventhemythicalperfectparentcannotguaranteeanything.(DavidB.v.Superior   Court(2004)123Cal.App.4th768,#XXõfV#õXX797.)     Althoughilliterate, aparentsabilitytoreadhasnodemonstratedcorrelationtohisorherparentingskillsordedication.(DavidB.v.SuperiorCourt(2004)123   Cal.App.4th768,#XXõX#õXX788.)     Cannotfindtheparentunfitonthetheorythatoldprogramsmayhavefailed. Whyarewerequiringpeopletoattendtheseclassesandprogramsifwedontbelievethatsometimestheywork?(DavidB.v.SuperiorCourt(2004)123Cal.App.4th768,  #XXõYY#õXX793.)  #XXõZ#õXX  Arguably,dependencylawdoesnotestablishaminimumperiodofreunification,butinsteadis settingoutsidelimitstothelengthoftimeachildmaybekeptinfostercarebeforeapermanentplanisestablished.(InreDavidH.(1995)33Cal.App.4th  368,386,#XXõ?[#õXXԀ338.)Thetimelimitsforreunificationservicesoriginatefromfederallaw.(õIn  reAlanaA.(2005)135Cal.App.4th555,#õ)]##XXõ\#õXXԀ563,fn.6,citing42#XXõ]#õXXU.S.C.#XXõ(^#õXX  629A(a)(7)(B)(i)(vi).)#XXõv^#õXX  Thefirst6monthdependentreviewhearingshalloccursixmonthsafterthe  jurisdictionalhearingorsixmonthsplus60daysafterfirstremoval,whicheverisfirst,evenifthisresultsinschedulingthehearingsoonafterthedispositionalhearing.(Inre   ChristinaA.(2001)91Cal.App.4th1153,1165&fn.2,citing#XXõ^#õXXCal.RulesofCourt,rule#XXõ`#õXXs ! 1401and1460(a);butsee#XXõ`#õXXWelf.&Inst.Code,#XXõqa#õXXԀ366.21,subd.(e)[6monthsfrom " dispositionalhearing].)Thecourtcanterminateservicesaftersixmonths,evenifthechildismorethanthreeyearsoldiftheparenthashadnocontactwiththeminorforsixmonths.#XXõa#õXX(Welf.&Inst.Code,#XXõc#õXXԀ366.21,subd.(e);SaraM.v.SuperiorCourt(2005)36 %!! Cal.4th998,1017;InreDavidH.(1995)33Cal.App.4th368,386,fn.11;Inre_99Tameka_99 &"" S.(1995)33Cal.App.4th1747,1754;InreMoniqueS.(1993)21Cal.App.4th677, '## 682.) Forachildunder  h   threeyearsofageatthetimeofremoval  ,     #XXõ[c#õXX...#XXõ|e#õXX    \.     reunification ($$ servicesarepresumablylimitedtosixmo     nths  .(361.5,subd.(a)(2).)(  _99Tonya_99ԀM.v. )%% #XXõe#õXXSuperiorCourt#XXõ$g#õXXԀ(2007)42Cal.4th836,#XXõtg#õXX  843.)  *&&   Thecourtcanterminateservicesaftersixmonthsforaminormorethansixyears +'' oldwithoutthefilingofapetitionformodification.(InreAryannaC.(2005)132  Cal.App.4th1234,12411243.)Theparentisentitledtoatleastsixmonthsofservicesifitisordered.(JudithP.v.SuperiorCourt(2002)102Cal.App.4th535,546;DariaD.v.  SuperiorCourt(1998)61Cal.App.4th606,612.)Thecourtcanorderthatmorethansix  monthsofservicesbeprovidedforoldersiblingswhenitterminatesservicesfortheyoungersiblings.(InreKevinN.(2007)148#XXõg#õXXCal.App.4th#XXõj#õXXԀ1339,1343.)Thatservices   wouldbefutilebecausetheparentisinprisonisbyitselfinsufficientreasonforshowingdetrimentfordenyingservicesaftersixmonths.(InreKevinN.(2007)148#XXõ6k#õXXCal.App.4th#XXõYl#õXX   1339,#XXõl#õXX13441345.)   #XXõm#õXX  The12monthreviewhearingshalloccur12monthsafterjurisdictionalhearingor12monthsand60daysafterthefirstremoval,whicheverisfirst,evenifthe6monthsreviewhearingwasscheduledlessthansixmonthsbefore.#XXõem#õXX(Welf.&Inst.Code,#XXõn#õXXԀ361.5,   subd.(a).)Theissueatthesixmonthreviewhearingiswhetherreunificationbythe12monthreviewhearingislikely.(_99Tonya_99ԀM.v.#XXõn#õXXSuperiorCourt#XXõo#õXXԀ(2007)42Cal.4th836,#XXõMp#õXX846;  JessicaA.v.SuperiorCourt(2004)124Cal.App.4th636,642645.)#XXõp#õXXIftheparent  received12monthsofservicesbeforethesixmonthsreviewhearing,thecourtcanterminatereunificationservicesunlessthereiscausetoorderupto18monthsofservices.(DawnelD.v.SuperiorCourt(1999)74Cal.App.4th393,398400   ,  disapprovedona       no  i   therpointin  _99Tonya_99ԀM.v.#XXõOq#õXXSuperiorCourt#XXõos#õXXԀ(2007)42Cal.4th836,_99#XXõs#  õXX#XXõt#   õXX  848  rel   an  ;_99  see    InreBrianP(1990)2Cal.App.4th904,917918[contested12monthreview  hearingtook8monthsandsoeffectivelybecamethe18monthreviewhearing].)Thecourtcannotterminateservicesforoneparentatthe12monthreviewhearingwhilecontinuingtoprovideservicesfortheotherparent.(InreAlannaA.(2005)135  #XXõt#õXXCal.App.4th#XXõv#õXXԀ555,565.)Thecourtcanholdonlyone12monthreviewhearing,regardless  ofwheneachparentstartedreunificationservices.(InreJoshuaG.(2005)129  Cal.App.4th189,#XXõw#õXX202203.)    Thefull18monthsstartswhentheminorisfirstdetained.(InreN.M.(2003)108   Cal.App.4th845,853;CarolynR.v.SuperiorCourt(1995)41Cal.App.4th159,165, ! 167,fn.11#XXõw#õXX.)Thetimeperioddoesnotchangeeveniftheminorwereplacedforawhile " withtheparent.#XXõ&y#õXX(InreN.M.(2003)108Cal.App.4th845,853854;CarolynR.v. # SuperiorCourt(1995)41Cal.App.4th159,166167#XXõy#õXX;#XXõz#õXXInreStevenA.(1993)15 $  Cal.App.4th754,765;InreMichaelS.(1987)188Cal.App.3d1448,1459;butsee#XXõz#õXXInre %!! JoelT.(1999)70Cal.App.4th263,268[#XXõ{#õXXservicesprovidedunderfamilymaintenance &"" (whentheminorisneverphysicallyremoved)doesnotcounttowardthedeadline].)#XXõI|#õXX  '##  Unlikethepreviousreviewhearings,theburdenofthegovernmentsprooftodeny ($$ returnofthechildisthepreponderanceoftheevidence.(KatieV.v.SuperiorCourt )%% (2005)130Cal.App.4th586,#XXõ}#õXX595.)Ifthe12monthreviewhearingiscontinuedlong *&& enough,itbecomesthe18monthreviewhearing.(DannyH.v.SuperiorCourt(2005) +'' 131Cal.App.4th1501,1509.)Unlikethepreviousreviewhearings,thecourtshallnotreturntheminorunlessitisintheminorsbestinterest,thoughthisisthesameassaying_:9itisnotdetrimentaltoreturntheminor.(InreRandalynneG.(2002)97Cal.App.4th  1156,1169.)#XXõy#õXX  #XXõVz#õXX#XXõz#õXX  Thecourtcanorderfamilymaintenanceatareunificationservicesreviewhearing,  evenafter18monthsofservices.(#XXõz#õXXBridgetA.v.#XXõ{#õXXSuperiorCourt#XXõ|#õXXԀ(2007)148#XXõl|#õXXCal.App.4th#XXõ|#õXX   2 85,#XXõ }#õXX307312.)    Aparentisstatutorilyentitledtoreunificationserviceswhenthereisanewdependency,thoughshereceived18monthsofservicesbeforepreviousdependencywasdismissed.(RosaS.v.SuperiorCourt(2002)100Cal.App.4th1181,1188.)   #XXõp}#õXX  Thattheminorisbondedwiththefosterparentsisirrelevantwhenofferingreunificationservices.(RitaL.v.SuperiorCourt(2005)128Cal.App.4th495,507   [caretakersweredefactoparents];DavidB.v.SuperiorCourt(2004)123Cal.App.4th   768,#XXõ~#õXX488489.)     Thattheparentcomplainsatwoyearoldminorwouldnotstandstillanddoesthingsthatfrustratehimorherisnormallynotgroundsforfindingdetriment.(DavidB.  v.SuperiorCourt(2004)123Cal.App.4th768,#XXõd#õXX790.)    Drivingwithexpiredlicenseandbaldtiresisbadjudgmentbutitdoesnotrendertheparentunfitorposeasafetyriskwhenthesocialworkerallowedtheminorinthecar.(DavidB.v.SuperiorCourt(2004)123Cal.App.4th768,#XXõ#õXX491.)    Thattheparentdidnothaveaplanforfuturemedicalcaredidnotmakehimunfitwhenheknewhowtohandleemergencies.(DavidB.v.SuperiorCourt(2004)123  Cal.App.4th768,#XXõ#õXX792.)  #XXõN#õXX  Thecourtcanterminateservicesforoneparentandcontinuetoofferservicesforothers.(õInreAlanaA.(2005)135Cal.App.4th555,#õ6##XXõ#õXXԀ565.)  #XXõȅ#õXX  Reviewoffamilymaintenanceundersection364appliesonlyiftheminorwas  neverremovedfromparentalcustody.(InreSarahM.(1991)233Cal.App.3d1486,   1473,disapprovedofonothergroundsbyInre_99Chantal_99ԀS.(1996)13Cal.4th196,204 ! anddistinguishedinInreCatherineH.(2002)102Cal.App.4th1284,1292;seeInre " _99Esperanza_99ԀG.(1985)173Cal.App.3d358;seeInreN.S.(2002)97Cal.App.4th167,172 # [ifnotdoingareviewofreunificationservicesunderWelf.&Inst.Code,361.21,mustbedoingareviewoffamilymaintenance].)  #XXõ&#õXXWelfareandInstitutionsCodesection#XXõi#õXXԀ366,notsection364,appliestodependent &"" reviewhearingfortheparentwhohadcustodyoftheminorwhentheminorwasplacedwiththenoncustodialparent.(Inre_99Janee_99ԀW.(2006)140#XXõЉ#õXXCal.App.4th#XXõ#õXXԀ1444,14501451 ($$ [neednotgiveservicestotheotherparent];InreNicholasH.(2003)112Cal.App.4th )%% 251,264265;butseeInreN.S.(2002)97Cal.App.4th167,172.)Theminorisnot *&& returnedmerelybecausetheoffendingparentbecomesfit,however;thecourtmustfirst +'' determineifthenonoffendingparentwouldbeabletoassumecustodywithoutcourtjurisdiction.Thecourtawardscustodyaccordingtothebestinterestsoftheminor.#XXõK#õXX(NicholasH.,supra,112Cal.App.4thatpp.#XXõ#õXX267268.)  #XXõ#õXX  Familymaintenanceservices(Welf.&Inst.Code,16501,subd.(g);16506)may  belimitedto12months,butfamilypreservationservices16501,subd.(j))arenotsolimited;notclearfromopinionwhatthedifferenceis,butsincedepartmentprovidedinhomeservicesformorethan12months,theymusthavebeenfamilypreservationservices.(InreJoelT.(1999)70Cal.App.4th263,268,fn.1.)     Standardofreview:Reviewreasonableservicesforsubstantialevidence.(Inre   AlvinR.(2003)108Cal.App.4th962,971;ConstanceK.v.SuperiorCourt(1998)61   Cal.App.4th689,705.)#XXõ|#õXX  Harmlesserror:Failuretoadviseparentatthedispositionalhearingofdeadlines   forthecaseplanandconsequencesofnotcomplyingreviewedunderõ#X X#XX Peoplev.Watson  (1956)46Cal.2d818,836837#õg##XXõ#õXX.(ArleneM.v.SuperiorCourt(2004)121Cal.App.4th  566,573.)#XXõS#õXX  #XXõ#